13 November - Tsiku mayiko a akhungu. Zochitika pa Tsiku la International za Akhungu

Sikuti mokondwera tsiku zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha anthu padziko lonse. Pali anthu, pa November 13 - Tsiku mayiko a akhungu. Inali pa nthawi iyi mu 1745, Ndinabadwa Valentin Haüy - anayambitsa oyamba m'mbiri ya sukulu kwa akhungu, mphunzitsi ndi yodzipereka, amene anatulukira njira ya chiphunzitso kuwerenga bwino pamaso panu analenga anthu akhungu.

Valentin Haüy - dziko tiflopedagog loyamba

The sayansi ya maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa anthu ndi impairments zithunzi analandira Kankhani choyamba mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVIII. Ndipo iye anamupeza ku Valentina Gayui - French mphunzitsi, wofuna kuthandiza ndi zatsopano, amene anali mmodzi wa tiflopedagogov woyamba ndi lofalitsidwa buku loyamba akhunguzo mu dziko.

Munthu ameneyu anabadwa mu 1745 pafupi ndi mzinda wa Amiens, mu banja la wosauka French nsalu. Iye analandira maphunziro apamwamba ku likulu la dziko ndi ntchito yomasulira ku Utumiki okhonda lapansi. Hauy kuwerenga zinenero zosiyanasiyana Eastern, katswiri Latin, Chiheberi.

Mu 1974, iye akutenga chinthu choyamba pa chimene kenako adzakhala anabadwa amadziwika kuti ambiri: November 13 - Tsiku mayiko a akhungu. Monga kale unachitikira mphunzitsi ndi katswiri, atsegula sukulu ana akhungu, ndipo amachita izo pa ndalama zake, popanda thandizo la boma kapena othandizira ena.

Choyamba ophunzira ana osowa pokhala anayamba kuphunzitsa Hauy amene anagwiritsa ntchito njira yake ndi wosasintha anayamba ndi Iye - "uncial".

Iye anatulukira ndipo "anayamba" chipangizo yosindikiza kukhazikitsa pa atolankhani sukulu kusindikiza ndi lofalitsidwa mu bukhu lake. Zonsezi zikuyendera limodzi ndi kuchuluka chilungamo cha mavuto a zachuma. zinthu bwino pokhapo atamva mfumu - iye potsiriza zothandizira.

Analengedwa Hauy si zokhazo chilengedwe cha sukulu - ntchito yake ndi yofunika kwambiri: iye anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri monga mmodzi wa tiflopedagogov choyamba, amadziŵa kufunika kwa maphunziro akhungu, amene anapereka mwayi wokaphunzira, ntchito, zikusonyeza chitsanzo, anthu ambiri mu France ndi kuzungulira dziko.

Pakuti kuyenera wake, kusunga chikumbukiro cha munthu uyu modabwitsa amene anakhazikitsa kukondwerera November 13 Tsiku mayiko a akhungu.

Muzochitika mu Tsarist Russia

Ntchito Valentina Gayui chinaoneka osati France. Mu 1803 ku Russian Mfumu Alexander I anapempha aphunzitsi mu Russia, ndi mu 1806 anafika ku St. Petersburg kuti alenge bungwe akhunguzo kapena anthu imfa masomphenya tsankho.

Komabe, ntchitoyi inali zambiri zovuta kuposa izo zinkawoneka koyamba. Ngakhale mu France, sanali wa ku apamwamba ndi mabanja olemera anthu akhungu akanakhoza kuchita zochepa - zambiri tsogolo lawo anali kupempha.

Mu Russia zinali oipitsitsa. Unduna wa Maphunziro lipoti Hauy kuti "palibe ana wakhungu Russia", ndipo woyamba Iye anafuna ana ake yekha. sukulu ndodo, bajeti ndi hayala akhala ovomerezedwa ndi mfumu yokha chaka kubera mphunzitsi, mu 1807.

Komabe, panali anthu amalakalaka kuphunzitsa ndi kuphunzira, ngakhale mu zinthu zovuta. Pofika m'chilimwe ophunzira sukulu 1808 anali bwino kulemba, kuwerenga, malo ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi ndi zamanja.

Azitengapo zolinga zawo, Hauy sitepe ndi sitepe pafupi ndi kuzindikira anthu akhungu zothandiza anthu. Ndithudi, iye sankadziwa kuti ntchito yake ikanadzakhala kuyamikiridwa motero ana, kuti kamodzi adzakhala kumakumbukulidwa pa kubadwa kwake - November 13 - Tsiku mayiko a akhungu. Zithunzi ophunzira bwino kukhulupirira auditors wochititsa kafukufuku wa mu 1808 chomwecho. Labor French mphunzitsi anapitiriza.

Popeza ntchito m'munda umenewu kwa zaka zoposa 10, Valentin Haüy kumanzere Russia mu 1817, kulandira Order ya yosiya ntchito ya Vladimir 4 digiri "Pa achangu khama" kwa Mfumu Alexander I. Pambuyo kuchoka kwa woyambitsa wa sukulu ataya mtengo wake monga bungwe maphunziro.

Momwe zinthu zikusinthira

Mu 1984, amene akutchedwa tsiku boma: November 13 - Tsiku mayiko a akhungu. Kuyambira pamenepo anatenga nthawi yaitali - panali wangwiro akhungu, masukulu wapadera kwa anthu olumala luso zithunzi akhala ubiquitous. Mu 2001 ife chinali chikumbutso 120 ya maphunziro mwadongosolo wakhungu Russia, yomwe inayamba KK ku sukulu Grotto.

Iwo achita ntchito kwambiri, ndipo panali kwambiri akatswiri aluso kuti kupereka osati maphunziro ambiri komanso amathandiza kulimbana ndi mavuto maganizo ndi chikhalidwe.

zochitika zaposachedwapa sayansi, monga diso bionic, chiyembekezo kuti apeze ndi kuchotsa vuto akhungu ambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo kupitiriza kukhazikitsidwa ndi kusintha Chalk ndi zipangizo kuthandiza anthu akhungu ntchito ndi moyo m'dziko lapansi masiku ano.

woyera nzimbe

Mu maganizo a anthu pali chithunzi chofanana wa munthu ndi mkhutu maso - nthawi zambiri ndi munthu magalasi mdima ndi nzimbe ndi galu. Mfundo imeneyi sanabwere balamanthu. Pokumbukira Valentine Gayui timakondwerera 13 November Tsiku mayiko a akhungu, amene chizindikiro - woyera nzimbe - lofunika kwambili cakuti ndi tsiku "awo".

Kwa nthawi yoyamba chinthu ichi anaonekera mu 1921, ndi chochitika amagwirizana ndi dzina la wojambula zithunzi wamng'ono, James Biggs wa Bristol. Iye anapeza kuti palibe oyenda pansi kapena madalaivala salabadira ndodo yake wakuda (kunali nthawi pamene zoterezi chowonjezera wakhala inafalitsidwa), ndipo repainted mu woyera. zinachitikira anali opambana.

Popularization khalidwe ndi patsogolo luso

Siteji yotsatira ya popularization cha zinthu izi anabwera 1930-1931. French achifumu ndi benefactress Guillen zh'Erbemon pamodzi ndi Pilato apolisi Paris anaona woyera nzimbe bwino kuti magawowa anthu akhungu kuzungulira mzindawo.

Komanso, chinthu ndi "Alamu" ena kuti makamaka munthu - akhungu. Iwo wogulidwa ndi kugawa kwa anthu ambiri kuyenda ndi ndodo, ndipo bungwe malonda ndawala zikuluzikulu. Patapita chaka chimodzi, zofanana ndi zimene zinachitika mu UK - ndi chikondi bungwe "makina Club," yotengedwa ndi kupereka atali woyera khungu ambiri ku British.

zochitika izi unathandiza kwambiri. Tsopano mulembe ndi 15 October (Tsiku la White nzimbe), mwa njira yomweyo, pa November 13, Tsiku mayiko a akhungu. Photos sachita zimenezi ndi "othandizira" - chinthu kaŵirikaŵiri mafanizo nkhani za anthu akhungu.

Akhristu masiku ano, posewera udindo wa "Alamu" ndi chizindikiro ndi kale kwambiri patsogolo. Pali zitsanzo za "modzaza" zida zamagetsi, imatiuza mwini mothandizidwa ndi phokoso ndiponso zizindikiro zina za mavuto, kuthandiza kusankha njira ndi kuzilambalala zigawo oopsa. Pa ntchito iwo ali kale likuyandikira, komanso kuwerenga m'malo chizindikiro china akhungu - agalu kalozera.

munthu mnzake weniweni pa yoteroyo anayi

Woyamba pofuna mwadongosolo kukonzekera athandizi nyama angatchedwe sukulu German analengedwa pa Dziko Lonse Yoyamba. Cholinga chawo chinali agalu amaphunzitsidwa kuthandiza nkhondo anamenyela. Mu US, masukulu amenewa akuchita kuyambira 1929, ku UK - kuyambira mu 1931. Komabe, nyama ankagwiritsa ntchito ndi cholinga ofanana kuyambira nthawi makedzana.

Nthawi zambiri ntchito ya kalozera ophunzitsidwa Rottweilers, Labrador Retrievers, Abusa German, Giant Schnauzers, koma mungaphunzitse iliyonse galu. M'mayiko ena, othandizira amenewa saloledwa pamalo alionse - mu Russia Mwachitsanzo, amayenda pa mabasi ndi magalimoto kwaulere.

Zochitika pa Tsiku la International za Akhungu

Imasonyeza November 13, Tsiku mayiko a akhungu, script alibe kuchita zovuta. Apa ndi mmene zinthu izi zinachitika mu 2014:

• Chelyabinsk Library Special Regional kwa bwinobwino mafunso unachitikira;
• "Sports-dziphunzitsiranso sukulu" Laman Azirikamu "mu Republic Chechen mu tennis tebulo mwa B1 (wakhungu kwathunthu);
• mu Yekaterinburg gulu onse "White nzimbe" unachitikira tebulo chonse "kulolerana - Society - Timagalasi" chionetsero luso mwala zoimbaimba.

Ana komanso kupeleka chidwi ku November 13, Tsiku mayiko a akhungu. Homeroom unachitikira ku sukulu zambiri za dziko la Tatarstan, m'chigawo Volgograd ndi zigawo zina za dziko. zochitika zofanana zizichitika mu tsiku lino padziko lonse lapansi.