Zone kuteteza kuthamanga gasi, sing'anga ndi otsika

Tsopano ndi kovuta kulingalira moyo m'matawuni ndi m'mizinda, komanso makampani mafakitale popanda dongosolo anakhazikitsa payipi. Iwo kudyetsedwa zakumwa ndi mipweya, amalola kuti anthu kutenthetsa nyumba ndi mabizinezi - ntchito bwinobwino. Komabe, akupindula kuli mpweya, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kulankhulana mpweya ndi woopsa kwambiri ndipo zinadzala ndi kuwononga kwambiri ngozi awo.

Mbiri ya mapaipi gasi

The mapaipi poyamba ankagwiritsa ntchito Ancient China. Monga machubu ntchito nsungwi, ndi pa overpressure mu mipope ndi mpweya sanali anatipatsanso "yokoka". The mankhwala a chubu nsungwi ali odzaza chingwe chabwazi nyumba ngati analola Chinese kutentha ndi kuzindikiritsa nyumba zawo chamunthuyo mchere.

Woyamba European mapaipi mpweya anatuluka mu theka lachiwiri la zana la 19. Ndiye mpweya anamugwiritsa ntchito kulenga kuyatsa msewu. Nyali msewu woyamba anali wochuluka, ndipo mu 1799 ku France Lebon adafotokoza termolampy akhoza kuzindikiritsa ndi kutenthetsa chipinda. lingaliro sanali mothandizidwa ndi boma, ndipo okonzeka zikwi Jets mpweya nyumba yake, zomwe mpaka imfa yake anakhalabe injiniya Parisian chikhomo. Only mu 1813 ophunzira Lebon anakwanitsa kuyamba kuyatsa kwa mizinda m'njira, koma anali kale ku England. Mu Paris idagwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, mu 1819. The mafuta ntchito yokumba malasha mpweya.

St. Petersburg anayamba kutenthetsa chipinda kudutsa mpweya kudzera payipi mu 1835, pamene Moscow - mu 1865.

Mitundu ya mpweya malingana ndi kuthamanga mpweya mwa iwo ndi ndondomeko gasket

payipi mpweya wotchedwa yomanga mapaipi, mitengo ndi Chalk, cholinga kupulumutsa mpweya kuti malo ankafuna. Kayendedwe mpweya nthawi zonse ikuchitika opanikizika, amene amadalira makhalidwe a aliyense gawo.

Gasi mapaipi ndi mzere ndi kugawa. The mpweya woyamba chimadzera pa mtunda wautali kuchokera siteshoni kugawa kwa wina. Yotsirizira tinapangidwa kupulumutsa mafuta ochokera kwa kusinthitsa malo mowa kapena yosungirako. The zikuchokera payipi akhoza monga momwe mizere chimodzi kapena zingapo, inakula umodzi processing unyolo.

Wautali mapaipi ndi a magulu awiri, malingana ndi kuthamanga mpweya mwa iwo.

• Gulu loyamba la payipi yaikulu ndi opareshoni opanikizika 10 MPa.
• Gulu lachiwiri la mapaipi mpweya HIV lakonzedwa kuti ntchito ndi mpweya amene kuthamanga ndi 2.5 MPa.

Yogawa mapaipi anawagawa m'magulu atatu malingana m'menemo kuthamanga mpweya.

• Low kuthamanga. mpweya wadutsa nawo pa 0,005 MPa.
• Sing'anga kuthamanga. Kulanda mafuta ducts amenewa amachitidwa pa mavuto kuchokera 0,005 kuti 0,3 MPa.
• Kuthamanga. Iwo amagwira ntchito pa mavuto 0,3 kuti 0,6 MPa.

Gawo lina limakupatsani kugawana mapaipi onse gasi, malinga ndi mmene iwo ali pa nthaka, pansi pa madzi ndi nthaka.

Kodi zone chitetezo cha payipi ya mpweya ndi lilidi

chiwembuchi, symmetrical ndi kulemekeza olamulira payipi, m'lifupi potsata mtundu ndi payipi waikidwa ndi makina apadera. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabacteria chitetezo cha mapaipi mpweya limachititsa amaletsa kapena asagwiritse ntchito yomanga payipi mpweya m'deralo. Cholinga cha chilengedwe chake ndi kulenga zinthu zachilendo ntchito ya payipi ya, kukonza zake zonse kusunga umphumphu ndiponso kuchepetsa zotsatira za ngozi angathe.

Pali "Malamulo kuteteza mapaipi chachikulu" lolamulira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabacteria zoteteza mizere zosiyanasiyana chitoliro, monga ndi mapaipi mpweya yonyamula gasi kapena mpweya wina.

Mu zone gawo lotetezedwa saloledwa kuchita ntchito ya zaulimi, koma saloledwa kuchita yomanga. Ntchito pa kukonzanso nyumba yanuyo nyumba ndi kulumikiza ayenera adapangana ndi WOPEREKA yokonza ndi ntchito payipi ya. Zina mwa ntchito zimene saloledwa kuchita zoni gawo lotetezedwa, mulinso dongosolo la kosungira, kompositi maenje, kuphedwa kwa kuwotcherera, unsembe wa mipanda amene amachepetsa mwayi ufulu mipope, kulenga landfills ndi maofesi yosungirako, unsembe masitepe, zochokera payipi ya mpweya, komanso chipangizo kugwirizana wosaloleka.

Katundu gawo lotetezedwa zone mpweya kuthamanga

Zoteteza zone payipi a kuthamanga kwa 1st ndi 2 gulu yothetsa chomwecho. Ntchito yawo - kupereka mpweya ku Intaneti kufalitsa kuthamanga otsika ndi sing'anga.

• Kuthamanga mapaipi 1 gulu ntchito ndi mpweya pa mavuto 0,6 MPa kwa 1.2 MPa, ngati kusuntha gasi kapena osakaniza gasi mpweya. Pakuti hydrocarbon mpweya amadutsa mu madzi mawonekedwe anzawo sayenera upambana 1.6 MPa. chitetezo zone awo ndi 10 mamita mu mbali zonse za olamulira payipi zinachitikira mapaipi yogawa ndi mamita 50 mpweya waukulu paipi, amene gasi chimadzera. Ngati kumene mayendedwe ikuchitika liquefied mpweya gawo lotetezedwa zone 100 m.
• Kuthamanga mapaipi 2 gulu kusamutsidwa gasi, osakaniza liquefied gasi ndi kuthamanga mpweya wa 0,3 kuti 0,6 MPa. chitetezo zone awo ndi 7 m, ndipo ngati payipi ya mpweya - 50 mamita kwa gasi ndi 100 - LPG.

Organization gawo lotetezedwa zone mpweya kuthamanga

Security kuthamanga zone mpweya ndi bungwe ndi gulu lake ukugwira ntchito pa maziko a polojekiti, kuwapatsa malangizo ndi kuwombera, anapangidwa pambuyo akamaliza kumanga ndi zilolezo. Kuulimbitsa, zochitika zotsatirazi.

• Miyezi sikisi iliyonse, bungwe opaleshoni ya paipi mpweya mapaipi, ayenera kukumbutsa anthu ndiponso mabungwe amene amapezerapo dziko malo otetezedwa, pa ntchito m'dzikomo mwa zizindikiro zimenezi Intaneti.
• Chaka chilichonse, ndithudi ayenera kusintha ndi kuwongolera onse anamasulidwa pa mbiri yake ngati n'koyenera. zone zoteteza mpweya kuthamanga akuyeretsedwa motero.
• Security kuthamanga mpweya zone ikusonyezedwa pa mafelemu liniya mwa mipiringidzo anakonza pa mtunda wa osapitirira 1000 mamita (Ukraine) osati mamita oposa 500 (Russia), mzati ayeneranso chinali kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino za kasinthasintha wa chubu.
• ndi mphambano ya payipi ndi misewu ndi mauthenga ena chofunika kuti kudzakhala zizindikiro zapadera, kudziwitsa kuti pali zone wa kupatuka kuthamanga payipi mpweya. Okwerera basi mkati chokhazikitsidwa zone gawo lotetezedwa ndikoletsedwa.
• Aliyense bala amaperekedwa ndi zithunzi ziwiri zambiri za kuya yatsoka kwa msewu, komanso malangizo ake. The mbale choyamba yakwera vertically ndi ena ndi zizindikiro mtunda - pa makona a madigiri 30 kulola anayendera zithunzi kuchokera kunja.

Features m'dera kutetezedwa wa mapaipi mpweya sing'anga kuthamanga

Security sing'anga kuthamanga zone gasi monga zikalata muyezo wa mamita 4. Koma mizere paipi, izo pamwamba pa maziko a zolembedwa luso, amene amaperekedwa ndi mabungwe - okonza. Maziko kwa chilengedwe cha mabacteria chitetezo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo mbuye ndi mchitidwe wosindikiza m'boma kapena wamkulu.

zone zoteteza sing'anga kuthamanga payipi kumapereka lingaliro zoletsa ofanana ndi mwachindunji pa mizere kuthamanga. Kugwira ntchito iliyonse yomanga mu zone gawo lotetezedwa chofunika kupeza chilolezo gulu kutumikira gawo mafuta payipi.

Kulemba mabacteria kutetezedwa kwa kuthamanga avareji ofanana. Pa mipiringidzo ayenera kukhala wabwino mbale zambiri za dzina la payipi ya, yolumikiza njira, mtunda kuchokera mbale kwa olamulira chitoliro, amaona zone gawo lotetezedwa, matelefoni kulankhulana ndi gulu limene amakhala gawo la payipi ya. Matabwa saloledwa anaikidwa pa pylon ndi magetsi, Intaneti kulankhulana ndi mizati mayeso.

Katundu gawo lotetezedwa zone ya mizere mpweya otsika kuthamanga

Ntchito yaikulu ya mpweya otsika-kuthamanga kupereka chakudya mpweya nyumba zogona ndi nyumba, sipangakhalenso mwina anamanga-kapena freestanding. Mayendedwe nawo wambiri mpweya ndi uneconomical Komabe, zofunikira ogula lalikulu maukonde si ntchito.

Low kuthamanga mpweya Alamu m'dera ndi 2 m pa mbali zonse za olamulira a chitoliro kuika. mapaipi Awa ndi zoopsa osachepera, kotero zone gawo lotetezedwa mozungulira iwo ndi kochepa. Zofunikila pa ntchito yake ofanana ndi amene anayambitsa kwa mitundu ina ya mabacteria kuteteza payipi ya.

Security otsika kuthamanga mpweya zone ikusonyezedwa chimodzimodzi yapita awiri. Ngati mbale imakonzedwa pa bindings, chikasu, ndiye padded chitoliro zopangidwa polyethylene. Ngati ndi wobiriwira, chuma chubu - zitsulo. Phale ali ndi khalidwe kwa paipi piping wofiira fringing pamwamba.

Kutetezedwa zone ya payipi lakunja

Wotchedwa wakunja mafuta payipi linali kunja kwa nyumba kwa zakulera kapena zina chipangizo kusinthitsa, kaya casing ndi kudzera amene athandizira ku nyumba pa chimake mobisa. Iwo akhoza ili pansi, kukhala mlengalenga kapena nthaka.

Chifukwa mpweya panja, malamulo zotsatirazi kuti adziwe za mabacteria chitetezo:

• zone zoteteza akuthamanga pamodzi ndi payipi akunja ndi 2 m ku mbali ya olamulira a.

• Pamene payipi mobisa zoti ndi chitoliro polyethylene ndi ntchito udindo mayendedwe mkuwa wochititsa, woyendera nthambi gawo lotetezedwa wa payipi mobisa mu nkhani iyi ndi kupeza mawaya 3 m, ndi pa dzanja ena - 2 m.
• Ngati payipi ya zoti pa nthaka Madzi oundana, mosaganizira za chuma chitoliro gawo lotetezedwa zone wake wa 10 mamita mbali zonse za olamulira chubu.
• Ngati payipi ndi intersects yapakati-Pamudzi ndi woodland kapena mbali inamera tchire, woyendera nthambi zake gawo lotetezedwa mamita 3 mbali ya olamulira a. Iwo anakonza mu mawonekedwe a wakwera, m'lifupi mamita 6.
• Gasi Alamu zone unali pakati pa mitengo wamtali ndi wofanana ndi kutalika awo pazipita mtengo kugwa sanathe chifukwa kuphwanya umphumphu wa payipi ya.
• zone zoteteza akunja payipi anakafika m'madzi mwa mtsinje, mosungiramo kapena nyanja 100 m. Iwo akhoza ankaimira zowoneka ngati mtunda pakati pa ndege awiri kufanana kudutsa makonzedwe mzere wammalire.

Woyendera nthambi chitetezo udzakhazikitsidwe kwa payipi makamaka

Kutetezedwa zone ya payipi ya mpweya ndi mwa madera ndi ntchito m'dziko wapadera boma. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zinthu izi pali ukhondo zone chitetezo, komwe chirichonse malamulo SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1200-03.

Malinga ndi ntchito imodzi mwa malamulo amenewa, zone ukhondo mpweya kuthamanga zimadalira kuthamanga mu chitoliro, ndi awiri ake, ndi mtundu wa nyumba, ndi ulemu umene patali ndi kuchita masamu.

M'dera zing'onozing'ono za mitsinje mwaukhondo ndi matupi zina intakes madzi ndi madzi ndi makhazikitsidwe ulimi wothirira ndi mamita 25 kwa thunthu mapaipi a awiri kapena mtundu.

chitetezo kwambiri zone ya payipi mpweya kuthamanga n'kofunika ngati tikulankhula za mafuta payipi 1 Maphunziro a 1200 mm m'mimba mwake m'mizinda, m'midzi wakunja kwatawuni ndi malo ena ambiri. Pankhaniyi, kutalika kwa woyendera nthambi mwaukhondo ndi 250 m.

deta More mwatsatanetsatane pa mabacteria ukhondo-kuteteza mapaipi thunthu ndi liquefied gasi angapezeke mu magome okhudzidwa chikalatachi. Chifukwa misewu yonyamula mafuta liquefied, n'kupita ukhondo kwambiri kuchuluka.

Kulakwila woyendera nthambi payipi. zingachitike ndi chilengedwe

Kulakwila woyendera nthambi payipi ungamuphe ndi mafakitale ngozi yoopsa, moto kapena kuphulika. chifukwa awo akhoza kukhala yomanga wosaloleka mu malo otetezedwa popanda chilolezo cha payipi kutumikira bungwe, kugwa mitengo, kuwonongeka kwa galimoto.

Chabwino, padzakhala kuphwanya kutchinjiriza, pa zikachitika - lipenga adzakhala ming'alu ndi zilema zina, umene nthawi adzachititsa kuchucha mpweya. yopanda chilema zisadzachitike pomwepo yekha ndi nthawi chifukwa chikhalidwe pangozi.

Kuwonongeka kwa payipi chifukwa kuyan'anila za mabacteria kutetezedwa adzalangidwa ndi zabwino zazikulu utsogoleri, potsata muyezo kuwonongeka. Kugwetsa pomangira pa dera la mabacteria kumuteteza ndi khoti Administrative.

Kusunga yomanga wosaloleka, mitengo wosaloleka kubzala ndi zitsamba, kukonza zamasewero, mayikidwe a magwero moto, yomanga nyumba, chitukuko maenje mchenga, komanso usodzi, ntchito pa kukulitsa ndi kukonza pansi ndi chipangizo kuthirira kumene chilango kumangowalipiritsa mpweya payipi gawo zikawonongeka wa 5000 rubles.

Alonda zone pamene angagwiritse mpweya: kupeza dziko ndi kusintha

Kudziwa chitetezo zone ya payipi ya mpweya iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhani iliyonse malamulo kuthandiza kuteteza Intaneti mpweya kufalitsidwa. Kawirikawiri zolembedwa izi pamodzi ndi approvals ena tapatsidwa mwa okonza. Funso la amene idzagwira mgwirizano ntchito ndi misonkhano, wokhulupirira Intaneti ntchito, komanso ndi makonsolo, anafotokozedwa ndi mgwirizano ntchito. Organization tikugwira ntchito ayenera kukhala ndi chiphatso kwa mitundu ya ntchito.

Chinthu choyamba polenga woyendera nthambi gawo lotetezedwa ndi kuchita ulamuliro wa kafukufuku wamkulu. cholinga chake chachikulu ndi onani kulondola kwa bindings ndi kugwilizana awo ndi zolembedwa ntchito.

The chifukwa cha kafukufuku ameneyu ndi chinaneneratu ndondomeko ya mfundo khalidwe la yomalizidwa njirayo, malo, chiwerengero ndi Masamu zinthu ndi mbali ya payipi ya, komanso anakhazikitsa zonena zolimbana, zipangizo, ndi EMG HRU amatithandiza ndi nyumba zina.

mabacteria Kuteteza Intaneti gazoraspredelyayuschih anatsimikiza ndi malamulo ovomerezedwa ndi lamulo la boma 20.11.2000 №878.

Protection mabacteria ndi malamulo mizere mpweya Malamulo ovomerezedwa Mintopenergo 29.04.1992 ndi Gostekhnadzor (№9) 22.04.1992.

The chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi ndi mapu kapena kukonza dziko katundu, amene ali mutu kugwirizana ndi eni kapena okonda ziwembu malo payipi ya akudutsa. Mwachitsanzo mmodzi wa kasamalidwe dziko pa malo kunditumiza ku boma matupi a mu kaundula wa dziko.