Zolemba malire makulidwe ayezi ku Antarctica: mbali ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Ambiri Antarctica lalikulu Africa, zophimbidwa ndi ayezi. Koma onse si yapafupi. Asayansi apeza kuti Antarctica kale, pafupifupi mamiliyoni 52 zapitazo, anakula kanjedza, baobabs, Araucaria, mtedza ndi zina zomera kutentha wachikondi. Ndiye kumtunda anali m'dera lotentha. Lero, Africa - chipululu kumalo ozizira.

Pamaso tili tione funso zimene makulidwe ayezi ku Antarctica, tikungotchula mfundo zosangalatsa za lakutali, enigmatic, ndipo kunkafika pachimake Africa iyi ya Earth.

Amene ali Antarctica?

Tisanafotokoze chitani mwachindunji funso zimene makulidwe ayezi ku Antarctica, ayenera kusankha amene ali Africa wapadera bwino kuphunzira.

Ndipotu, iye alibe boma lililonse. M'mayiko ambiri mu nthawi yake anayesera kuti atenge yokhudza kwa chipululu, kutali ndi mtunda wa chitukuko, koma December 1, 1959 anali anasaina Convention (adalowa mphamvu pa June 23, 1961) umene Antarctica sikuli kwa boma lililonse. Tsopano gulu la chigwirizano 50 limati (ndi ufulu kukavota) ndipo m'mayiko ambiri amatsata. Komabe, kuli pangano sizitanthauza kuti signatories kuti chikalata cha dziko lotsalalo limanena Kupititsa pa Africa ndi danga pafupi.

mpumulo

Ambiri lalikulu Antarctic ayezi chipululu, kumene popanda chisanu ndi chisanu, chilichonse. Ndipo mokulirapo izi ndi zoona, koma pali mfundo zina zosangalatsa kuganizira. Choncho, osati makulidwe ayezi ku Antarctica azenga.

Pa dziko ino, pali zinthu zambiri ndithu chigwa osazizira, ndipo ngakhale mumchenga. Chipale chofewa malo uko, osati chifukwa otentha M'malo mwake, pali zambiri kwambiri nyengo kuposa m'madera ena m'dzikoli.

Valley McMurdo kuonekera zoopsa katabatic mphepo liwiro ukufika 320 Km paola. Amayambitsa kwambiri evaporation cha chinyezi, chimene chimachititsa kuti kupanda ayezi ndi chipale chofewa. osauka zofanana kwambiri ndi Mars, kotero NASA ku zigwa za McMurdo imachitika mayesero "Viking" (spacecraft).

Pali mu Antarctica ndi yaikulu mapiri omwe angafanane ndi kukula kwa Alps. Dzina izo - gamburtsev mapiri, otchedwa ndi dzina la wotchuka Soviet academician geophysicist George Gamburtseva. Mu 1958, ulendo wake anapeza iwo.

phiri ake yaitali osiyanasiyana ndi 1300 Km, m'lifupi - 200 makilomita 500. mfundo zake apamwamba ukufika mamita 3390. Chidwi kwambiri ndi phiri ili yaikulu mabodza mu nkhungu wosanjikiza (pafupifupi mpaka mamita 600) ayezi. Pali ngakhale kumadera ayezi ndi chachikulu kuposa makilomita 4.

Za nyengo

Mu Antarctica, pali kusiyana chodabwitsa pakati pa kuchuluka kwa madzi (madzi - 70 peresenti) ndi nyengo ndi youma. Ili ndilo gawo wouma lonse dziko lapansi.

Ngakhale mu zipululu ambiri lina ndi otentha a dziko kugwa mvula kuposa zigwa wouma Antarctica. Okwana kwa chaka ndi masentimita 10 okha a mvula imagwera pa Pole South.

Ambiri m'dzikoli ali ndi ayezi wosatha. Kodi makulidwe a ayezi pa kontinenti ya Antarctica, timaphunzira pang'ono.

Pa mitsinje ya Antarctica

Imodzi mwa mitsinje, kusungunula kuwomba madzi kum'mawa ndi onekisi. Kupita ku Nyanja Vanda, limene lili m'chigwa louma la Wright. Mogwirizana ndi zinthu zoopsa nyengo ya onekisi ali madzi ake kwa miyezi iwiri yokha chaka pa nthawi yochepa Antarctic chilimwe.

utali mtsinje ndi makilomita 40. Nsomba si pano, koma zosiyanasiyana algae moyo ndi tizilombo.

kusintha kwanyengo

Antarctica ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri m'dziko ataphimbidwa ndi ayezi. Pano, monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, iwo ankaganiza 90% ya misa okwana ayezi mu dziko. The makulidwe avareji ayezi Antarctic pafupifupi 2133 meters.

Pankhani ya limatsogolera wa chisanu pa milingo Antarctic nyanja akhoza kuuka ndi mamita 61. Komabe, pakadali kutentha pafupifupi pa Africa ndi madigiri -37 Celsius, mpaka pamene palibe ngozi imeneyi masoka achilengedwe. M'madera ambiri m'dzikoli, kutentha silituluka pamwamba ziro.

za nyama

zomera Antarctic ukufanizidwa ndi mitundu ina ya invertebrates, mbalame ndi nyama. Pakali pano mu Antarctica anapeza mitundu zosachepera 70 invertebrates, chisa mitundu inayi ya anyani. Pa dera la dera kumalo ozizira anapeza mabwinja a mitundu yambiri ya ^zinyamazi.

zimbalangondo amadziwika kuti amakhala Antarctica, amakhala kozizira. Ambiri m'dzikoli ndi anthu anyani. N'zokayikitsa kuti mitundu awiriwa kukumana nthawi chilengedwe.

Izi ndi malo okhawo pa dziko, kunyumba kwa anyani wapadera mfumu ndi yaitali ndi yaikulu pakati pa abale ake onse. Komanso, ndi mitundu yekha kuswana pa Antarctic yozizira. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina, ndi Adelie penguin Mitundu kum'mwera m'dzikoli.

Chile si wolemera kwambiri nyama apadziko, koma madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja angapezeke wakupha zinsomba, anangumi ndi mikango nyanja. Amakhala apa ndi zachilendo tizilombo - wingless midge, amene kutalika ndi 1.3 masentimita Chifukwa cha kwambiri zinthu mphepo tizilombo zouluka si sakupezeka ..

Pakati pa madera ambiri penguin zimapezeka springtails wakuda, kulumpha ngati utitiri. Ngakhale Antarctica ndi Africa omwe sikutheka kukumana nyerere.

Area ayezi chivundikiro padziko Antarctica

Pamaso ife tikupeza zimene makulidwe pazipita ayezi ku Antarctica, taganizirani ayezi malo ozungulira Antarctica nyanja. Iwo kuwonjezeka m'madera ena pamene kucheperachepera ena. Kachiwiri, chifukwa cha kusintha ndi mphepo.

Mwachitsanzo, mphepo kumpoto lotengeka midadada yaikulu ayezi kulowera ku Chile, choncho kuyanika wotaya mbali ya pepala ayezi. Chifukwa ndi kuwonjezeka mu unyinji wa ayezi padziko Antarctica, ndi kuchuluka kwa ayezi kuti kupanga ayezi pepala ake yafupika.

Malo okwana Chile ndi pafupifupi mamiliyoni 14 makilomita lalikulu. Mu chilimwe, wazunguliridwa ndi miliyoni 2.9 Nchito sq. Km oundana m'nyengo yozizira, malowa ndi kuchuluka za 2.5 nthawi.

subglacial nyanja

Ngakhale makulidwe pazipita ayezi ku Antarctica ndi chidwi, pali pa izi Africa mobisa nyanza, imene mwina kwambiri, pali moyo zaka mamilioni kusanduka kwathunthu payokha.

Okwana amadziwika kuli oposa 140 Madamu amenewa, Pakati odziwika ndi nyanja. East, yomwe ili kutali na Soviet (Russian) "Vostok" siteshoni, amene anapereka dzina la nyanja. Chetyrohkilometrovaya stratum ayezi chimakwirira chinthu chachilengedwe. Nyanja amaundana chifukwa cha pokhala pansi magwero iye mobisa geothermal. Madzi kutentha mu kuya kwa dziwe ili pafupi +10 ° C.

Malinga ndi mfundo za asayansi, ndicho ayezi massif anatumikira monga insulator zachilengedwe, zomwe zinathandiza anthu kusunga wapadera zamoyo zaka mamiliyoni ambiri kukhala ndi kusintha kwathunthu wocheza ndi otsala a dziko ayezi chipululu.

The makulidwe a ayezi ku Antarctica

Antarctic ayezi pepala ndi yaikulu pa dziko. Ndi malo, ndi wamkulu ndi Greenland ayezi misa za nthawi 10. Iwo anaikira mu makilomita kiyubiki 30 miliyoni ayezi. Iwo ali mawonekedwe a mzikiti, ndi otsetsereka a padziko amene kumawonjezera kwa gombe, kumene, malo ambiri kuli ndi maalumali ayezi. The makulidwe wamkulu wa ayezi Antarctic ukufika m'madera ena (kum'mawa) 4800 m.

Kumadzulo, ndipo kuya chokhala ndi maganizo - maganizo Bentley (mwina chiyambi cha kugaŵikana kwa), wodzazidwa ndi ayezi. kuya kwake mamita 2555 pansi pa nyanja.

ndi makulidwe pafupifupi ayezi ku Antarctica chiyani? Kuyambira mamita pafupifupi 2500 mpaka 2800.

A ochepa mfundo zambiri zosangalatsa

Mu Antarctica pali thupi la chibadwidwe wa madzi ndi madzi abwino pa Dziko Lapansi. Nyanja Weddell imatengedwa kuti ndi mandala kwambiri mu dziko. Ndithudi, palibe zodabwitsa mu, monga pa dziko lino palibe uwononge izo. Pali kupereka phindu pazipita wa chilungamo wachibale wa madzi (79 m), zomwe pafupifupi limafanana ndi chilungamo cha madzi otchezedwa.

Mu mchigwa cha McMurdo ndi zachilendo Magazi Falls. Ndizoonekeratu ku Taylor glacier ndipo amalowa West Nyanja Bonney, yokutidwa ndi ayezi. mathithi Gwero - mchere nyanja, ili pansi nkhungu ayezi pepala (400 meters). Chifukwa madzi mchere amaundana, ngakhale pa otsika kutentha kwambiri. Inakhalapo za 2 miliyoni zapitazo.

The chikhalidwe cha mathithi lagona mu mtundu wa madzi - magazi wofiira. mphamvu zake Kodi Samva kukhudzana ndi dzuwa. A zili mkulu wa chitsulo okusayidi mu madzi pamodzi ndi tizilombo, kulandira mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa sulphate kusungunuka mu madzi - chifukwa ichi ofanana mtundu.

nzika ku Antarctica ayi. Pali anthu amene amakhala padziko kumtunda ena nthawi. Izi oimira nthawi ya asayansi. M'nthawi ya chilimwe, nambala asayansi thandizo ndodo za 5000, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira - mu 1000.

The madzi oundana yaikulu

The makulidwe a ayezi ku Antarctica, monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, osiyana kwambiri. Koma pakati pa nyanja floes ayezi palinso namkholowa yaikulu, kuphatikizapo B-15, ndi yaikulu kwambiri.

M'litali - za 295 makilomita, m'lifupi - 37 Km, ndi wonse padziko dera 11 000 sq. makilomita (more Jamaica m'dera). pafupifupi ake kulemera - tonnes 3 biliyoni. Ndipo ngakhale lero, pambuyo pafupifupi zaka 10 wa muyeso, m'madera ena a chimphona si isungunuke.

Pomaliza

Antarctica - malo a zinsinsi zodabwitsa ndi zozizwitsa. Wa mayiko seveni, iye anali womaliza kutsegula pamene ofufuza apaulendo. Antarctica - wamng'ono anaphunzira, ndipo anthu Africa kuchereza alendo pa dziko, koma ndi moona kwambiri fabulously zokongola ndi chodabwitsa.