Ntchito ya ndalama mu chuma: tanthauzo, mitundu ndi zitsanzo

N'zosatheka kulankhula za ndalama, entrepreneurship, malonda, ndi satchula za ena mawu ofunika. Mwachitsanzo, kumanga bwino mitunduyi zachuma tiyenera kudziwa ndi ntchito za ndalama, mmene ntchito ndi zomwe ali ndi udindo pa chitukuko cha mafakitale.

Mitundu chilli ndi zitsanzo

Mchiphunzitso odziwika a Keynesianism ndalama ndipo koposa zonse, ndalama ndalama ali m'gulu la zolowa okwana anthu, pamodzi ndi zogula anthu, ndi wolowa ukonde wa katundu. Chuma amamuona kwambiri loopsali ndi zazikulu chigawo chifukwa kudalira wake pa zifukwa. Ngati kwambiri kuganizira pakuika (Nchito, mitundu, tanthauzo lake, njira ya ntchito), izo ndi pang'ono kupita koposa chiphunzitsochi.

Kodi zikutanthauzanji pakuika m'lingaliro yotakata?

Kuphunzira mfundo ndalama zoyenera kufufuza ntchito za Agiriki, keynsianstkoy, ndi m'mbali Marxist ndi masukulu ena. Tiyeni akukhala matanthauzo atatu.

Investment (m'lingaliro wodziika) ali pakuika kumabungwe a chuma, sayansi ndi luso gawo, zomangamanga, mitsuko chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe chitetezo kupanga ndi chitukuko cha entrepreneurship.

Ndalama m'njira yopapatiza

Ku maganizo a ntchito ya zachuma ndalama zopanda aganyali (chuma), amene ntchito mu ndondomeko ya ntchito za mafakitale ndi zachuma.
Economy amachitira ndalama monga ndalama mabungwe ndi cholinga mapangidwe likulu, kupereka kwa chilengedwe cha likulu latsopano ndi malipiro a zipangizo ankavala. Tsidya lino la ntchito yaikulu ya ndalama - m'badwo ndalama. M'mawu ena, nzika za chuma yopeza zopeza zawo kwa chuma, kotero kuti chatulutsa, nabwera nawo wokulirapo.

Amalonda Komanso kuganizira ndalama monga bizinesi kwa kupeza kupanga ndipo sanali kupanga katundu ndi zipangizo ndalama posinthana ndi chuma kapena ndalama. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndalama ndalama akhoza kuthandiza kuonjezera likulu kapena kukhala pa mlingo chomwecho chokwanira.

Ndipo ngakhale gawo la ndalama ndalama mu zolowa okwana dziko ndi gawo lachisanu kwa iwo amadalira kusinthasintha mu bizinesi ndi kukula zabwino zachuma - zonse wofanana malinga ndi kuchuluka ukuwonjezeka ndalama aakulu m'banja mankhwala.

Nchito ya ndalama ku chuma

Ku matanthauzo a ndalama limasonyeza kuti njira imeneyi idzachitika onse pa boma ndiponso pa mlingo wapadera wa mudzagwiritse zachuma, koma kwenikweni izo zifika mpaka ku boma moyo. Choncho, ntchito zimene amachita ndalama, cholinga kukwaniritsa magulu onse okhudzidwa: mabanja, mabanki, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono, osankhidwa ndi osasankhidwa mabungwe, mayanjano, m'boma. Timasiyanitsa katundu zinayi zofunika zimene zimapanga ndalama wapangodya wa macroeconomics:

• Kufalitsa ntchito kutanthauziridwa monga: kusankha kumene yopeza ndalama kapena katundu wazamalonda kapena boma amalimbikitsa chitukuko cha mafakitale limodzi ndi wamphamvu kuposa ena. Pa chitsanzo cha izi motere: a zamagetsi ena ndi magalimoto zoweta sangathe kupikisana yopindulitsa wazamalonda zambiri yopeza ndalama mu chinachake.
• Malamulo katundu: chuma anapanga dziko lonse ndi kukhudza mafakitale zokhudzana. Mbewu yatsopano yokhudza kumanga misewu, zosangalatsa chilengedwe cha ntchito yatsopano, ndi zina zotero D..
• Zolimbikitsa: kupatula kumafuna pakuika ndalama zina. Wokometsedwa sayansi, luso, maphunziro, ndipo Motero, kumaonjezera khalidwe la moyo ndi umoyo wa dziko.
• Zimasonyeza: ndalama katundu, amene kugwirizana ndi njira likulu kuwonjezeka ndi kusamalira bwino kwa dongosolo lotseguka zachuma.

mbali ongolankhula la mapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito ndalama, chitani zawo mawonekedwe zomwe zimaonetsa amasonyeza ubale pakati pa zakudya ntchito, ntchito ya ndalama, adzatipulumutsa ndiponso mowa lonse nkhani zachuma boma.

tanthauzo

Ntchito iliyonse, masamu kapena chuma, pali kudalira la zotsatira zomaliza za munthu kapena zinthu zingapo. Nchito ndalama komanso ndi zitsanzo zimene amkati variable (zotsatira) - ndi ndalama ndalama, ndipo watsimikiza ndi zolinga exogenous kafukufuku.

Ngati palokha variable wina, mawu akuti "zinthu zina mwasankha." Ena Choncho, ngati ndalama ulipo ntchito ndalama, kutanthauza kuti sanasinthe mlingo wa chiwongola dzanja banki mu nthawi ino kwambiri.

The zinthu pawokha zosintha kwambiri, yolondola chitsanzo ndi moyandikana ndi zinthu zenizeni za chuma. Mphamvu za kusintha zosintha akhoza kwambiri amasiyana panyengo zosiyanasiyana ndipo kuti wosalira vuto ofufuza kusankha imodzi kapena awiri mfundo yaikulu imene kudzadalira ntchito ndalama.

Ubale wa ndalama ndi chiwongola dzanja

Popanda kukokomeza tikhoza kunena kuti kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimadalira mlingo chidwi, pamene kusintha zinthu zina zilinso ndi ntchito ya ndalama yoyenda yokha m'gulu la chitsanzo Mipikisano chinthu, zomwe zikuwoneka ngati izi:

• Ine = Ia - D r Mukhoza * (1), mmene
  
  Ine - okwana ndalama ndalama;
  Ia - yoyenda yokha ndalama ndalama;
  D - tilinazo ndalama kwa kucepesa kapena mlingo,%;
  r Mukhoza - mlingo weniweni chidwi.

Mtengo wa ndalama chidwi chafotokozedwa ndithu chabe. Aliyense bizinesi, pamaso inu aganyali ankapitabe ndi (a 100% chiopsezo wopanda ndalama kulibe mfundo), amaweruza mmene adzatha kuti ndi zingati ayenera ntchito pa cholinga ichi. Pakuti ndalama zikuluzikulu chuma zoweta ndalama zambiri sikokwanira, ndi mwini chitumidwa kwa banki kapena osakhala banki bungwe chuma, chimene chimafuna mtengo mautumiki awo - kuchuluka chomwecho. The apamwamba a mtengo wa banki, m'munsi wamalonda phindu ndi chiŵerengero cha phindu kwa ndalama. Monga amadziwika, kuti azipeza phindu lalikulu kwa ntchito zonse - cholinga chachikulu cha ogwira ntchito iliyonse.

zitsanzo zina

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti pali njira zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito chida monga chuma. Ntchito ndalama Mwachitsanzo, wamangidwa zochokera ndikupeleka ndalama. Kuwonjezera ngongole ndi ngongole sanali banki chifukwa kugula zida kapena chuma zida akhoza ntchito ndalama za m'thumba awo. The ogwira ntchito ndi mbali ya phindu limene anatsalira kupereka misonkho amachotsera ena akhala uchitike. Pankhaniyi, kunjenjemerako wa ndalama amalire lotuluka ndalama ndi mwachindunji amadalira kusintha ntchito ndalama opaleshoni ya kumalo a ntchito. Kukula phindu ndi mowa wake ndi gawo la - kuwonjezeka ndalama. Kukula zomvetsa - ndalama yafupika kapena sanamvere kwa nthawi yosatha. Ndiye ntchito ndalama ali mawonekedwe osiyana kwambiri ndi chitsanzo yapita, popeza ife kuwonjezera ndalama okwana.

The propensity m'mphepete aganyali - ichi ndi multiplier, lomwe limasonyeza zimene mtengo ndi kuchuluka kapena yafupika ndalama ndalama pa kusintha unit. The apamwamba a multiplier, m'pamenenso sachedwa chiopsezo wazamalonda lapansi. Ngati inu kupambana ndalama likhoza kubwerera kukula angapo, ndipo patsikulo - zimabweretsa zomvetsa yaikulu ndipo ngakhale bankirapuse.

Katundu ndi ndalama

Onse chimaposa cha wothandizira chuma kufalitsidwa ku ndalama ziwiri: mowa ndi kudziunjikira. Mbali anasonkhanitsa, ndiko kunena kuti ndalama ndi phindu, zimene zatsalira mwa kampani ndi m'posafunika kwa nthawi yaitali. Mphamvu mowa ndi pa malipiro a misonkho, ngongole, malipilo ndodo ndi zolinga zina.

Investment chiopsezo

Ndalama kudyedwa ndi kubwerera ku kampani mu mawonekedwe a zipangizo ndi katundu, kotero ndikofunika kwa wazamalonda kuti capitalized ndi gawo la phindu monga laling'ono monga zotheka. Komano, ngati ndalama mu nthawi ya malipoti sanali bwino ndipo sanali kuonetsetsa otaya ndalama, kampani amakakamizidwa amachita magwero kunja ndalama. Kachiwiri, ndi mabanki, mabungwe ena azachuma, osankhidwa ndi osasankhidwa misika ndalama. Kachiwiri funso n'lakuti: pachiswe kapena ayi pachiswe?

Kapangidwe mulingo woyenera kwambiri yogawa ndalama (ndalama)

Mwina mmodzi mwa mafunso omwe sangapereke kotsimikizika yankho mchitidwe uliwonse, palibe theoreticians kumene mgwirizano mfundo ndalama ndi ndalama? Ngakhale mkati mwa ogwira ntchito limodzi angathe motsimikiza kuti ndi bwino kudziunjikira kapena kumwa, chifukwa zinthu msika, luso, chikhalidwe, malamulo ndi ndale kumabungwe ndi zikusintha. Zamaŵa zomvetsa yaikulu, dzulo akufuna bankirapuse, ndi mosemphanitsa.

Masamu Nchito ndalama Musapereke njira chilengedwe - iwo okha kusonyeza makhalidwe ambiri, akuponya zifukwa laling'ono kwadzidzidzi kukhala kwambiri. Kwa mutu, iwo ndi zitsanzo za generalization, ndi chomaliza kusankha ndalama akutengedwa patapita Kuphunzira bwinobwino zinthu zonse ndi vuto lenileni mu chuma.