Kwadzidzidzi purosesa: kufotokoza mfundo ya ntchito

kompyuta kwadzidzidzi, osachepera chiphunzitso, kungotchulapo zaka zochepa. Mitundu ya makono ya makina amene ntchito zimango sanali chakale othetsera zingakhale ndalama osaneneka deta, akhala yojambula chachikulu. Malinga ndi kutukula ndi, awo kukhazikitsa mwina luso chipangizo kuposa analenga. mapurosesa kwadzidzidzi ntchito zimatiyika pa nkhaniyi, zomwe anthu amazidziwa zaka 100 zapitazo. The angathe kuwerengetsera amenewa ndi osaneneka. Kugwiritsa chodabwitsa kwadzidzidzi katundu adzakhala kufulumizitsa anapezazo ndi ntchito zambiri moti panopa chakale makompyuta sangakwanitse kuthetsedwa. Ndipo osati munda wa umagwirira ndi zipangizo sayansi. Wall Street amadziwikanso kusonyeza chidwi.

Pakuika m'tsogolo

CME Gulu padera ndi Vancouver kampani 1QB Information matekinoloje Inc., akufotokozera mapulogalamu kwadzidzidzi mtundu mapurosesa. Malinga ndi ndalama anapezazo awa akhoza kukhala kowonekera kwambiri pa makampani, amene ntchito ndi yambiri deta tcheru nthawi. Chitsanzo cha makasitomala ngati mabungwe a zachuma. Goldman Sachs padera mu D-Wave KA, ndi kampani In-Q-Tel ndalama zolipirira ndi CIA. Woyamba manufactures makina kuti chiyani akutchedwa "kwadzidzidzi annealing", mwachitsanzo. E. wasankha otsika mlingo kukhathamiritsa vuto ntchito purosesa kwadzidzidzi. Intel amadziwikanso chinkhoswe mu pakuika njira imeneyi, ngakhale amaona kukhazikitsa ntchito m'tsogolo.

N'chifukwa chiyani icho?

Chifukwa chimene kompyuta kwadzidzidzi ndi zosangalatsa, mabodza osakaniza chawo wangwiro ndi maphunziro makina. Panopa, ndi ntchito yaikulu kwa kuwerengetsera amenewa. Mwina ichi ndi chifukwa cha lingaliro la kompyuta kwadzidzidzi - kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo thupi kufunafuna njira. Nthawi zina mfundo anafotokoza ndi chitsanzo cha masewera Angry Birds. Kompyuta kuti mogwirizana yokoka ndi colliding zinthu CPU piritsi amagwiritsa maikwezhoni masamu. Kwadzidzidzi mapurosesa kuyika njira imeneyi pa mutu wake. Iwo "kutaya" ndi mbalame angapo, ndipo muwone chomwe chimachitika. Pa microchip olembedwa ntchito: izo mbalame, iwo kutaya zimene mulingo woyenera njira yodutsamo? Ndiye kufufuzidwa njira zonse zotheka, kapena osakaniza lalikulu kwambiri a iwo, ndipo yankho wapatsidwa. Mu kwadzidzidzi kompyuta mavuto ndi kuthetsedwa osati masamu, malamulo a ntchito sayansi m'malo.

Kodi ntchito?

Maziko zidutswa za dziko lathu - ndi kwadzidzidzi-makina. Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa mamolekyulu, ndi chifukwa chimene iwo anapanga ndi tikhale olimba - mogwirizana wa orbitals elekitironi. kuwerengetsera onse kwadzidzidzi-makina zili mwa wina aliyense mwa iwo. chiwerengero chawo chikamakula exponentially kuonjezera chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi yoyerekeza. Mwachitsanzo, 50 ma elekitironi kukhalapo mu yachiwiriyo 50 digiri. Izi phenomenally ambiri, choncho angathe kuwerengetsa lero. mudziwe kugwirizana chiphunzitso kwa sayansi angalozere njira zothetsera mavutowa. 50 kubitovnomu kompyuta angakhoze kuchita izo.

Mbandakucha wa nyengo yatsopano

Malinga Landon Zovuta, purezidenti ndi Co-anayambitsa 1QBit, kwadzidzidzi purosesa - n'zotheka ntchito processing mphamvu ya dziko subatomic, ndi yovuta kupeza zipangizo zatsopano kapena chilengedwe cha mankhwala atsopano. Pali anasintha ku mawonedwe a anapeza kuti nyengo yatsopano ya kapangidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kompyuta kwadzidzidzi angagwiritsidwe ntchito chitsanzo catalysts moti kuchotsa mpweya ndi asafe wa mumlengalenga, ndipo potero pothandiza kuletsa likutentha.

Chapatsogolo patsogolo

gulu la kutukula njira imeneyi ndi wosangalala kwambiri ndi ntchito wotanganidwa. Magulu kuzungulira dziko mu chiyambi akuluakulu, mabungwe, mayunivesite ndi Labs boma akumanga mpikisano galimoto, amene ntchito mosiyana kwadzidzidzi processing zambiri. Analenga qubit superconducting qubits ndi tchipisi pa ayoni linalandidwa, zimene zikuphatikizapo ofufuza ku University of Maryland ndi Institute National wa Mfundo and Technology. Microsoft akufotokozera topological njira otchedwa Station Q, cholinga cha ndiko ntchito anion sanali Abelian amene alipo sichinayambe momveka kutsimikiziridwa.

Chaka Nkosatheka yojambula

Ndipo ichi ndi chiyambi chabe. Kumapeto kwa May 2017 chiwerengero cha mapurosesa kwadzidzidzi-mtundu mwapadera akuchita chinachake mofulumira kapena kuposa kompyuta yapamwamba, ndi ziro. chochitika adzaika "kwadzidzidzi ukulu", koma pakali pano mulibe chinachitika. Ngakhale zikuoneka kuti izi zikhoza kuchitika mwamsanga chaka chino. insiders ambiri ananena kuti Google ndi ndiwotani bwino gulu, kutsogozedwa ndi Professor wa Physics, University of California ku Santa Barbara, John Martin. cholinga chake - kukwaniritsa kompyuta kuposa mothandizidwa 49-qubit purosesa. Pakutha May 2017 gulu bwinobwino anawayesa 22 qubit Chip monga chinthu wapakatikati cha dismantling a kompyuta zachikhalidwe.

Mmene onse anayamba?

Ganizo ntchito zimango kwadzidzidzi kwa processing zambiri kwa zaka zambiri. Chimodzi mwa zochitika chinsinsi zinachitika mu 1981 pamene IBM ndi MIT ichitikire anakonza msonkhano waukulu pa sayansi zowerengera. The wasayansi wotchuka Richard Feynman akufuna kumanga kompyuta kwadzidzidzi. Malinga ndi iye, chifukwa kayeseleledwe azitenga ntchito njira kwadzidzidzi zimango. Ndipo ndi vuto lalikulu, chifukwa sichitsata mophweka. Mu kwadzidzidzi purosesa mfundo opaleshoni zachokera angapo katundu zachilendo maatomu - superposition ndi kukodwa. The tinthu akhoza kukhala mu maiko awiri pa nthawi yomweyo. Komabe, pamene kuyeza zidzakhala angokhala mmodzi wa iwo. Ndipo n'zosatheka kuneneratu imene, kupatula pa kaonedwe ka chiphunzitso cha Mwina. Amenewa ndi maziko a ganizo kuyesera Schrödinger a mphaka, umene uli mu bokosi imodzi akufa ndi moyo malinga ngati akuona si kuzemba Ndikamuone. Palibe ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku mu njira iyi. Komabe, pafupifupi 1 miliyoni a zatsopano amachitika kuyambira chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri, kusonyeza kuti zikuchokera Kodi alipo. Ndipo sitepe yotsatira ndi lodziwa momwe ntchito mfundo imeneyi.

Kwadzidzidzi purosesa: ntchito kufotokoza

Classic Akamva angakhale ndi phindu 0 1, n'zotheka kuchulukana manambala, jambulani zithunzi ndi zina zotero. N. Qubit ungakhalenso 0 ngati kuphonya kudzera "zipata mfundo" (d. Ndipo, kapena, OSATI, etc.), 1 kapena onse. Ngati, nkuti, 2 qubit akodwa, chimawapangitsa mwangwiro chilamulira chikhalidwe. kutayipa kwadzidzidzi purosesa akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zipata maganizo. T. N. Hadamard chipata Mwachitsanzo, amaponya qubit mu superposition mkhalidwe wangwiro. Ngati superposition ndi kukodwa pamodzi kwadzidzidzi zipata mochenjera pabwino, izo zinayamba kuchitika kuthekera kwa kuwerengetsera boma atomiki. 2 kulola kuphunzira qubit 4 limati: 00, 01, 10 ndi 11. ntchito mfundo za kwadzidzidzi purosesa ngati kuti aphedwe ntchito mfundo limachititsa ntchito ndi maudindo zonse mwakamodzi. Ndipo chiwerengero cha limati zilipo 2 mphamvu ya chiwerengero cha qubits. Choncho, ngati inu kupanga 50 qubit chilengedwe kwadzidzidzi computer, ndi theoretically zotheka kuti tione onse 1.125 quadrillion ma imodzi.

Kudity

Kwadzidzidzi purosesa mu Russia kuona pang'ono mosiyana. Asayansi a ku MIPT ndi Russian pakati kwadzidzidzi analenga "kudity" woimira zingapo "pafupifupi" qubits ndi osiyanasiyana misinkhu "mphamvu".

matalikidwe

kutayipa kwadzidzidzi purosesa ali ndi mwayi kuti zimango kwadzidzidzi zachokera amplitudes lapansi. Mwina amplitudes ofanana, koma iwonso akhale oipa, ndi manambala zovuta. Choncho, ngati mukufuna kuwerengera Mwina chochitika, inu mukhoza kuwonjezera mitundu yonse ya matalikidwe a angachite chitukuko. Lingaliro la kompyuta kwadzidzidzi ndi kuyesera khwekhwe ndi kuwasokoneza chitsanzo kuti njira zina mayankho cholakwika anali kumveka zabwino, ndi ena - oipa, ndiye kuti muletse mzake. njira A zikubweretsa yankho lolondola akanati amplitudes amene ali mu gawo ndi mzake. Mochenjera ndi kuti muyenera kukonza zonse, popanda kudziwa zimene yankho ndi zolondola. Choncho kwakukulu kwambiri kwadzidzidzi limati osakaniza ndi angathe kusokonezedwa pakati pa amplitudes zabwino ndi zoipa ndi mwayi wa mtundu uwu wa masovedwe.

aligorivimu Shor a

Pali ntchito zambiri kuti kompyuta akulephera kuthetsa. Monga kubisa. vuto ndi kuti si choncho zovuta kupeza zinthu yaikulu ya nambala 200 zisathe. Ngakhale laputopu ikutha ndi pulogalamu kwambiri, mukhoza kudikira kwa zaka kupeza yankho. Choncho, Chinthu chinanso mu kompyuta kwadzidzidzi wasanduka aligorivimu lofalitsidwa mu 1994 ndi Peter gombe, tsopano katswiri wa masamu pa MIT. njira wake ndi kupeza zinthu za ambiri mwa ntchito kompyuta kwadzidzidzi, lomwe kulibe panobe. Ndipotu aligorivimu amachita opaleshoni, omwe amasonyeza malo ndi yankho lolondola. Chaka chotsatira, gombe anapeza njira kwadzidzidzi zolakwa uphungu. Ndiye, ambiri anazindikira kuti ndi - njira zina za mawerengedwe, zomwe zina angathe kukhala amphamvu kwambiri. Kenaka funde chidwi kwa sayansi kulenga qubits ndipo zipata mfundo pakati pawo. Ndipo tsopano, zaka makumi awiri kenako, anthu ali pafupi kupanga zonse kunachitika kwadzidzidzi kompyuta.