Kodi pepala mpweya

Bureaucracy zinachokera kwa zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo. Kamodzi pa zofukulidwa archeological ku Egypt zapezeka lalikulu mapale ambirimbiri ndi mawu omwewo. Rewriting polalikira akapolo kulemba.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba luso limene anayamba kutulutsa buku pepala, anali setifiketi ya October 7, 1806 ku UK. Pepalalo linali ndi amgwirizano, impregnated ndi inki. Kutulukira ndi odziwika "mpweya pepala" Ralph Wedgwood zanu.

Mu 1820s, ndi pepala buku pamaziko a mwaye anayamba kubala pamlingo mafakitale. Pachimake pa kutchuka ake anabwera 70, pamene iwo anayamba kuoneka paulendo makina olembera okhaokha osonkhezera. Mu ❖ kuyanika anayamba kuwonjezera utomoni wonunkhira kuti amapewa zolakwa za Mabaibulo yapita - onse kuipitsidwa, kumene iye anagwira. Pamaso pa Kubwera kwa zipangizo zamakono kukopera (copier, fax) mpweya pepala anali wotchuka kwambiri. Lero si wotchuka kwambiri, ndipo ntchito makamaka mu ntchito zovala.

Mpweya pepala ndi otsika kachulukidwe. Pa mbali imodzi anachititsa mitundu wosanjikiza, amene amathandiza kuti polemba, kusindikiza kapena kujambula makope angapo. pepala yaikidwa pa ochiritsira mapepala ochekenera wosanjikiza pansi. Polemba pa pepala aikidwa pamwamba, chifukwa kukanikiza chogwirira ochekenera particles anasamutsa kuzibweretsa pepala anabzala pansipa aziyendera.

Ndi pepala ili, mungapeze mabuku a zolemba zosiyanasiyana. Today anapereka wapadera kuwala tcheru zipangizo, palinso kusintha kwake, anaikira kumatheka blueprints mosiyana.

Komanso, tsopano pali phototechnical reflex buku pepala yoyambirira yeniyeni ku kapamwamba (osakwatira ndi iwiri) mu kukhudzana kukopera. Palinso anali fotostatnye kuwala tcheru zipangizo (zoipa, zabwino) kuti akalandire Mabaibulo kuchokera ku kathabwa ndi theka kamvekedwe yoyambirira yeniyeni photocopying. Wina view - fotokalka, amene ntchito makope a yoyambirira yeniyeni bala ntchito yosindikiza kukhudzana ndi ziyerekezo. Komanso ntchito thermoset mpweya pepala reflex kugawanika mu matenthedwe cheza (infuraredi) , ndipo thermally kusamutsa chifanizirocho pepala m'chigwa. Photosemiconductor zipangizo kukopera amasindikizidwa padziko ndi woonda michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi photoactive wosanjikiza zochokera okusayidi nthaka.

Office buku pepala, zomwe mugule pa sitolo zambiri, ali zithunzi mkulu mosiyana. Nthawi makope angafunike masekondi angapo mphindi imodzi kapena zambiri. Mu luso lawo processing (chikukonzekera, kuwonetsera, etc.) Ndipo nthawi yosungirako makope ngati pali osiyana mitundu ya pepala.

Nthawi zambiri ntchito makope ndi pepala mbalambanda, osati naye ngati njira kontaktno- kapena masanjidwewo-wophiphiritsa wa kukopera, komanso kubalana wa pachiyambi mwa mphamvu makina osindikizira.