Wotchuka pulezidenti wamkazi

Mayi mphamvu mu dziko lero, palibe yemwe ati kudabwa. Koma m'pofunika Atchule awo masamba a mbiriyakale, ndipo ife adzaona kuti mu masiku a kutali nthawi yathu, kugonana chilungamo anali pa mutu wa boma ndi kulimbana nazo. dzina la Mfumukazi ya ku Sheba, Cleopatra, Marii Medichi, kapena Catherine Wamkulu n'chiyani ...

Ndipotu n'zosadabwitsa kuti alipo demokalase okonda anthu akukayikira ya kazembe wa mphamvu wamkazi.

Nkhaniyi akuuza owerenga zimene mayiko Pulezidenti - mkazi, ndi zosangalatsa za madona izi.

mapulezidenti anafooka

Pakali pano, izo zinalembedwa mu mbiriyakale dziko mkazi pulezidenti anabwera ku ofesi ndi nthawi sate-faifi. Nthawi yomweyo mtengo munene kuti nambala iyi sakhala ndi nduna yaikulu, mkulu-regents, nduna za boma, abwanamkubwa wamkulu, amene udindo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ukugwira mutu wa boma.

Mmodzi wa iwo panopa zikugwira ntchito mapulezidenti khumi ndi akazi. Motero, makumi awiri ndi zitatu oimira sanali zatenga malo.

Woyamba pulezidenti wamkazi anasankhidwa mu kutali Argentina mu 1974. Inasanduka Isabel Martínez de A Peron. Komabe, sikuti kusankha anthu. Isabel anatumikira monga prezidenti pansi mwamuna wake Juan Peron. Choncho, atamwalira, iye basi anakhala mtsogoleri wa dziko. Komabe, iye anali ndi thandizo chidwi ku zipani zambiri, mabungwe malonda, komanso asilikali zonse. Atathamangitsidwa Isabel anali mu zokhumba a.

Mkazi woyamba pulezidenti dziko ndi wachiwiri dziko - izi ndi Vigdis Finnbogadottir. Iye anali mtsogoleri wa Iceland, namgwira positi mawu zinayi, kuyambira lachisanu iye anakana. malamulo ake kopambana zosiyana ndi m'mbuyomu, ngati kuchuluka kwa nthawi wake Vigdis linaperekedwa kwa chitukuko cha chiyankhulo cha Amalawi ndi wapadera Iceland chikhalidwe.

Akazi Pulezidenti si nthawi zonse kuyamba ntchito yawo ndi zandale. Mwachitsanzo, mutu wa Malta Agatha Barbara (1982-1987 gg.) Poyamba anali mphunzitsi yosavuta.

Korason Akino - Pulezidenti wa Philippines kuchokera 1986 mpaka 1992 - sinditi nawo mbali pa ndale. Iye anali kunyumba, mayi ndi ana asanu. Koma zinthu inamchititsa kanthu zochitika za boma. mwamuna wake, wandale wotchuka, anali membala wa kutsutsa kupolisi. Iye anamangidwa ndipo anathamangitsidwa m'dziko, ndipo pamene inu ndiyese kupita mmbuyo - aphedwe. Zitachitika zinthu zimenezi zomvetsa chisoni Corazon anathandiza lilakalaka ndi kuyesa kutenga monga pulezidenti. Iye bwinobwino adathamanga dziko, ngakhale zoyesayesa ambiri kulanda boma (kasanu ndi kawiri pa zaka ziwiri!).

Mu Guyana, zinali mkaziyo pulezidenti chake choyamba. The US anali adzabadwira ake, mwa magazi mitsempha Ayuda m'mutu mwanga - maganizo a Marxism. Dzinache akhali Dzhanet Dzhagan. Iye anatenga monga mutu wa boma atamwalira mwamuna wake Cheddi Jagan. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kale kuti iye anali mano, ndipo iye - monga namwino.

Pulezidenti wa akazi a mdziko ndi zambiri osati nthawi yomweyo anayamba kupita kudzera ndale. Nthawi zina Mwachitsanzo makolo awo 'analimbikitsa (Megawati Sukarnoputri, Indonesia), nthawizina - journalistic ntchito (Ruth Dreifuss, Switzerland), koma wina anapita izi mozindikira, kumenyera ufulu wawo (Tarja Halonen, Finland).

Alipo mkazi pulezidenti. Liberia

Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf anatumikira monga mutu wa boma kuyambira 2005. Anakhala nthumwi woyamba wa kugonana fairer pa malo amenewa mkulu pakati pa atsogoleri a mayiko African. Komabe, adzaitana ofooka pokhapokha wamisala wina. Helen anthu amadziwika monga mtsogoleri wamphamvu wofuna ndi osasunthika.

Helen maphunziro Harvard, kenako anabwerera ku Liberia ndipo anayamba kuthandiza Nduna ya Finance. Mu 1980 anatenga malo palokha. nthawi ichi chidali chovuta kwambiri kwa ntchito yake monga mkazi mlandu kuba a boma ndi achotsedwa dziko, amene anali wokhoza kubwerera yekha mu 1997.

Mu chisankho cha 1997 Helen - wakonzekera mutsogoleli wadziko. Mkazi ankatha kusonkhanitsa 10 okha% ya mavoti onse. kugonjetsedwa sikuti kugwedezeka chikhulupiriro chake mwa yekha, ndipo iye anapanga pofuna wina mu 2005. Ambiri omwe adzaponye chisanko anaganiza kuti Johnson-Sirleaf - pulezidenti watsopano wa dziko.

Chile

Yekha mkazi pulezidenti m'mbiri ya dzikoli - ndi Michelle Bachelet. Lero ndi liwu chachiwiri cha ulamuliro wake monga mutu wa boma. Ngati nthawi yoyamba (mu 2006), iye anasankhidwa ndi ambiri mtheradi.

banja Michelle anavutika kwambiri ku Pinochet mwankhanza. bambo ake anali atamangidwa chimene iye ali woona ntchito ya usilikali, anali kumbali ya wolamulira yovomerezeka. Pomaliza, iye anamwalira. Michel ndi mayi ake, anamangidwa ndiponso pansi eerie kuzunzidwa ngati oukira. Chinali chozizwitsa anatha kumasuka ndi kusiya dziko. Kwa kanthawi, ankakhala Australia ndi German Democratic Republic.

Mu 1979, Bachelet kunyumba, analandira digiri zachipatala ku University of Chile, ndipo anagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali m'chipatala ana.

ntchito ake andale inayamba mu 1990, pamene iye ankachita nawo akufunsira Health Organization World. Patatha zaka zinayi, iye analandira positi mu Utumiki. Mu 2000 anakhala nduna ya Health, ndipo mu 2002 (kuwonjezera) - nduna ya silikhali kuti mkazi kwambiri zachilendo kwambiri.

Pa zofunika kwambiri choyamba akuti ndi: kusintha penshioni ndi chikhalidwe chitetezo mabanja osauka.

Kupita mu akuti chachiwiri, Michelle anabwera patsogolo kusintha maphunziro, powalonjeza kuti maphunziro aulere. Komanso, mmodzi wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa zomwe boma limayesetsa 2014 - polimbana lochitira.

Bachelet si wake. Iye ali ndi ana atatu.

Argentina

Mkazi pulezidenti wa Argentina - Cristina Fernandez de A Kirchner. Iye wakhala ofesi kuyambira 2007.

Christina makolo anali ochokera ku Spain ndi Volga Germany. Iye anabadwa mu La Plata mu 1953. Iye chidwi ndi ndale pamene kuphunzira pa yunivesite, kukhala enieni - atakomana mwamuna wake watsogolo Nestor, amene anali nawo kwakukulu kuyenda kumanzere.

Iye anamaliza ndi mphamvu ya Chilamulo, kenako banja (tinakwatirana mu 1975) anapita ku Santa Cruz, kumene iye anatsegula lamulo ofesi.

Christine kuyamba ntchito ndale ya mwamuna wake nthawi imene chisankho mu 1980s mochedwa. Iye anakhala kazembe wa chigawo, ndipo ndi - membala wa khamu malamulo.

Zothandiza mwamuna kapena mkazi mu chisankho cha Pulezident, Cristina, ndipo iye anadziwa kuti anthu amakopeka kwambiri anthu. Choncho pamene akuti mwamuna wake unatha ndipo anakana kuthamanga ngati phungu asankha Christine.

Mu ndondomeko zoweta, Christina unachitikira malamulo zingapo zofunika, monga lamulo loletsa kusuta fodya malo boma, legalization wa mwamuna mnzake, ndi nationalization ndalama payekha penshioni ndi zina zotero.

mfundo yachilendo anali umalimbana ndi olimba ubale ndi mayiko ena. Komabe, ena kumvetsetsa ndi mkazi pulezidenti sakanakhoza Argentine. The US ndi UK si nthawi zonse waubwenzi kwa atsogoleri Latin American. Ndi nkhondo yoyamba boma zinachitika mu 2007 (nkhani ya bizinesi Antonini Wilson), ndipo chachiwiri - mu 2010, pamene maiko awiri sangakhoze kupeza njira yothetsera pa ulimi British mafuta gombe la Argentina (more ndendende, ndi kutsutsana Falkland Islands).

Mkazi pulezidenti wa Argentina, Cristina Fernández osiyana ndi anzawo si maganizo, komanso kalembedwe. Nthawi zonse kuvala zidendene mkulu ndi zovala zokongola. Kangapo konse, iye anati kugula ndi chilakolako chake.

Mwamuna wake atamwalira mu 2010, Christine anapereka lonjezo kuvala maliro ndipo wakhala taonera anthu okha zovala zakuda.

Brazil

Mkazi pulezidenti wa mayiko World Chachitatu nthawi zambiri maganizo awo mwapang'onopang'ono anazunzidwa. tsoka ili sichimaperekedwa ndi mutu wa Brazil ndi Dilma Rousseff.

Anachita ndale kuchokera mu 1964, pamene panali chiwembu asilikali. Mtsikanayo zaka seventini yekha. Koma ndiye chibadwa anamva, chifukwa bambo Dilma, Petulo, anali ndale mu dziko la kwawo (mu Bulgaria), koma anathawa chifukwa cha kuopseza moyo.

Zaka zingapo Dilma anali akubisala, kuchirikiza mabungwe zida kuti apite motsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa asilikali.

Mu 1970, iye ali m'ndende kwa zaka ziwiri ndipo anali pansi kumangidwa. Iye amadziwa zambiri, ngakhale magetsi zodabwitsa. M'ndende iye anasiya munthu chosiyana, Chokani zochitika m'khutu, analandira digiri ku zachuma, iye anabala mwana wamkazi ndi mwamuna wake (komanso akuthandiza mapangidwe chosintha ndi).

Dilma wakhala m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa wa Labor Democratic Party. Koma mu 1990s mochedwa anapita ku gulu la anthu ntchito, ali ndi maganizo kwakukulu kwambiri. Mu 2003, iye anakhala nduna ya Energy pansi Pulezidenti da Silva, ndipo aposa makonzedwe mu 2005.

Patapita zaka zisanu, Dilma waika patsogolo candidacy ake kwa pulezidenti wa dziko. Mu msonkhano chisankho, iye analonjeza kuti athetse mavuto ambiri, kuphatikizapo:

• Pogwira lisinthe ndi agrarian;
• kuthandiza quotas mitundu ndi ufulu wachipembedzo;
• ndi legalization ukwati pakati pa anthu kapena akazi okhaokha;
• chiyembekezo chakuti ya chilango cha imfa;
• chiyembekezo chakuti a legalization mankhwala zofewa.

Republic of Korea

Akazi mapulezidenti ndi zina osatetezeka pangozi. Koma mtsogoleri wa Korea Park Geun-Hye, mwina wokonzedwera kwa chirichonse. Iye anali kupirira imfa ya makolo awo. bambo ake, Pak Chon Hi, anali pulezidenti, ndi pa n'cholinga pa moyo wake mnzake anawomberedwa mayi ake. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mkazi wa mutu wa ntchito za dona woyamba pa mwana wake wamkulu. Choncho, Park Geun-Hye poyamba mukudziwa zimene dziko la ndale, ndi amene adzakhala nawo.

zaka zisanu pambuyo pa imfa ya mayi ake, ndipo bambo ake anamwalira, amene anaphedwa mu 1979.

Kwa zaka zingapo, kuyambira mu 1998 anathamanga pa yamalamulo ndipo analandira mpando aphungu. Koma zinanditengera yekha zochita chipani kuyambira 2004.

Mu 2011, anakhala mtsogoleri wa chipani saenuri chipani, amene patatha chaka anapambana chisankho aphungu. Chaka chomwecho, Park Geun-Hye anapambana chisankho cha Pulezident.

Masiku ano, mtsogoleri Korea zaka makumi asanu ndi zitatu, ndipo mukhoza kunena molimba mtima kuti mfundo wakhala nkhani ya moyo wake. Iye sizinachitikepo pabanja ndipo ali ndi ana.

Croatia

Pafupifupi chaka (February 2015), dziko walunjika Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic. Palibe anadziŵa kuti kunja kwa mzinda kukula girly pulezidenti wamkazi. US anakhala mfundoyi poyambira, koma zinthu oyamba.

Kolinda anabadwa m'mudzi kakang'ono Yugoslavia, kwa ana aang'ono, iye anali kupirira mavuto a moyo wakumudzi. Iye ina ananena kuti aliyense NATO koma sadziwa kuti mkaka ng'ombe. Mwina izi ndi zoona.

Koma ngakhale mavuto a moyo, msungwanayo anali kufuna kwambiri maganizo. Iye anaphunzira chinenero Chikolowesha, koma chigonjetso chake chachikulu chinali kupeza zimphona kuphunzira mu America. Kumeneko iye mwangwiro katswiri English.

Kolinda maphunziro mphamvu ya Sciences ndale Zagreb, ndipo anatumizidwa ku United States, kukhala Anzathu a University of George. Washington. Komanso, anakhoza kupeza maphunziro pa University Harvard. Pambuyo Kolinda anaitanidwa Dzhona Hopkinsa University monga munthu kafukufuku.

ntchito zake zandale inayamba mu 1992, pamene anakhala mlangizi ku Unduna wa za okhonda. 1990s zonse zikugwira ntchito za kazembeyo woyang'anira dera North America. Anali wachiwiri kwa kazembe ku Canada.

Kuyambira 2003 anali phungu ndipo anachitira ndi nkhani ya kaphatikizidwe European. Ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri anakhala mtumiki yachilendo. Zoti ziyambirire zitsulo Kolinda kulowa dziko la mu EU ndi NATO.

zaka zitatu (2008) anali kazembe Croatia mu United States.

Mu 2015, mu kubwera kwachiwiri, iye anapambana ndipo anakhala pulezidenti wa Croatia.

Kolinda anakwatira kuyambira 1996. Ukwati ali ndi ana awiri.

Lithuania

Dalia Grybauskaite mu 2014 kukonzanso osankhidwa ndi akuti chachiwiri mtsogoleri wa Lithuania.

Iye anabadwa mu 1956 Vilnius. Malinga ndi mfundo zake, makolo anali ogwira ntchito yosavuta zovuta. Koma atolankhani inasindikizidwa mudziwe declassified kuti bambo ake, Polikarpas a NKVD.

Atamaliza maphunziro akewo, ntchito pang'ono kuti osachepera ndalama. Ndipo kenako ndinapita ku Leningrad, kumene analembedwa University. Zhdanov. Anaphunzira pa makalasi madzulo chifukwa cha Tsiku Labor pa fakitale ubweya ngati choyezera zinthu.

Mu 1983 iye analandira dipuloma ya chuma ndale. Mu chaka chomwecho anayamba chipanichi ndipo anabwerera ku Vilnius. Iye anaphunzitsa nkhani pa phunziro la zapaderazi awo Apamwamba Party School mumzinda.

Mu 1988, ku Moscow, iye kumbuyo nkhani yolembedwa ake ndipo anayamba ntchito pa Academy of Sciences Social.

Chifukwa Dahl zabwino kwambiri lamulo la English, iye anatumizidwa ku Lithuania ku United States, pamene iye anali kuphunzira ntchito mukadali pasukulu pa University Georgetown. Iye anagwira ntchito kwa zaka zingapo mu Unduna Woona za okhonda, kenako anakhala nthumwi udindo wa Lithuania ku United States.

Pambuyo inalowa Lithuania kwa EU Dahl anali ngati Commission European si kukwaniritsa ntchito yake mu 2009 mogwirizana ndi msonkhano chisankho. Adzaponye chisanko kusankha mutu wa boma akhale mkazi pulezidenti. Russia si kwambiri, kugona ndi mayiko a nthawi ino ali mu chikhalidwe yozizira.

Dahl si okwatira, palibe ana.

Germany

pulezidenti wamkazi wa America, mwina anaonekera m'chizimezime, koma nyenyezi awala Angela Merkel kuyambira 2005. Zinali ndiye kuti iye anakhala mtsogoleri wa dziko lake.

Angela anabadwa mu 1954 ku Hamburg. makolo ake kuchokera mayi ndi mbali bambo anali Zitsulo.

Kupita kusukulu, Angela si kuoneka, anali wodzichepetsa ndi wodekha mtsikana. Koma kupanga patsogolo kwambiri kuphunzira masamu ndi Chirasha. Nditamaliza sukulu ya sekondale, anapita ku Leipzig kupezeka kwa mphamvu za thupi za University.

Monga wophunzira, anachita nawo ntchito za Free German Union Youth, komanso wokwatira Uilriha Merkel, nayenso, sayansi wophunzira.

Nditamaliza maphunziro banjali anapita ku Berlin, kumene adagawana njira. Angela anayamba kugwira ntchito pa Academy of Sciences, kenako kumbuyo nkhani yolembedwa ake. Pa utumiki ndinakumana ndi mwamuna wake apano - Joachim Sauer.

ntchito ndale Merkel anayamba pambuyo kugwa kwa Wall Berlin ndi kulowa ake mu chipani pansi pa dzina la "yojambula demokalase". Mu 1990s oyambirira, mngelo anasintha maganizo ake ndi kulumikiza Mkhristu Democratic Union. Anali ovuta kusunthira ntchito makwerero, chifukwa anali kokha mu East Germany. Koma kumbali yake anali Helmut podzikongoletsa m'maso, mtsogoleri wa chipanichi. Mu 1993, iye anatsogolera CDU mu umodzi wa maiko German.

Chaka chotsatira, pa visola kwa Bundestag Angela afika malo Minister wa Environment. Mu 1998, iye anakhala Mlembi General wa CDU.

Chifukwa milandu ndalama mu 2000 ku malo ake monga mtsogoleri wa CDU Schaeuble kumanzere (ndi pamaso podzikongoletsa m'maso kuti). A ambiri mavoti, anaganiza kuti Merkel adzauka pa helm wa chipanichi.

2002 chisankho adagonja ndi Gerhard Schröder, amene, mosiyana Merkel, silinachirikize mfundo Chitsamba Choyaka ku Iraq.

Koma m'kupita Democratic Social Party, ataima pa helm, anali kutaya chikhulupiriro. Anaganiza kuti aitane chisankho oyambirira mu 2005. SPD ndi CDU yagoletsa pafupifupi nambalayi wa mavoti (1% kusiyana). masabata asanu zokambirana pakati pa zipani inkachitikira zinachititsa kuti mapangano ndi mgwirizano akhala anafika, ndipo Angela Merkel, analengezeratu mutu wa boma.

Merkel amadziwika maganizo ake ovomereza-American, ndipo ngakhale kumuyalutsa ndi wiretapping mafoni CIA izo sanasinthe zinthu. Pankhani mfundo zoweta, ndiye, malinga ndi akatswiri, izo amakhala ndi duality ndi lalikulu mfundo amakhala ku Limbo.

Switzerland

Mkazi pulezidenti wa Belarus - khalidwe chabe kwa yopeka kanema, koma Switzerland zimenezi chisankho cha Pulezident si zachilendo. Pulezidenti apano - Simonetta Samorugga - mkazi chachisanu mu udindo uwu (mu mbiri posachedwapa).

Nditamaliza sukulu ya sekondale, anafuna kwambiri titsatire nyimbo anali walimba kwambiri. Simonetta anaphunzitsidwa mu US ndi Italy. Kenako kuphunzira chinenero English ndi mabuku ku yunivesite.

Ndi mfundo imene ali anakankhira ntchito Foundation of Kugula Chitetezo. Kuchokera mu 1981, iye ankaimira Democrats Social.

Simonetta anali membala wa bungwe la National Council ndi Bungwe la States. Mu 2010 anali kupita Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ndi Police. Kumapeto kwa 2014 iye anasankhidwa kukhala malo pulezidenti wa dziko.

Simonetta ndi mkazi wa wolemba - ndine Lukas Hartmann.