Viennese zapamwamba: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. Viennese chakale sukulu

upamwamba Viennese analowa mbiri dziko nyimbo monga wokonzanso yaikulu ya mtundu wanyimbo nyimbo. ntchito yawo silili chabe palokha, ndi lofunika chakuti kutumikira pofuna kukwaniritsa nyimbo zisudzo Mitundu, mafashoni ndi zinthu zina. Mabuku awo maziko a zimene lero akuti ndi Agiriki nyimbo.

General maonekedwe a chi

alembi amenewa ndi ofanana ndi zimene iwo anachita kumapeto kwa akuluakulu Nthawi chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale wa classicism ndi romanticism. upamwamba Viennese ankakhala mu nthawi ya kusintha, pamene panali kufufuza mphamvu kwa mitundu yatsopano, osati nyimbo komanso mabuku, kupenta, zomangamanga. Zonsezi makamaka anatsimikiza malangizo a ntchito yawo ndi mavuto a ntchito. XVIII - zoyambirira za m'ma XIX sankawabisira kusokonekera lalikulu ndale, nkhondo, limene kwenikweni anatembenuka mapu a ku Ulaya ndipo ankasangalala kwambiri m'maganizo ndi luntha ano ndi mabwalo ophunzira a anthu. Nazonso ndi zapamwamba Viennese. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo imadziwika kuti nkhondo Napoleonic zinakhudza kwambiri ntchito Beethoven, amene Symphony wake wotchuka 9 ( "Choral") anali ndi lingaliro la mgwirizano m'chilengedwe chonse ndi mtendere. Zinali ngati yankho cataclysms onse anagwedeza ku Ulaya mu nthawi ankaona.

zachikhalidwe

upamwamba Viennese ndi moyo nthawi imene Baroque chinazilala ku maziko, ndipo otsogolera nyimbo ina yatsopano. Iwo wokhumba mogwirizana mitundu, umodzi wa zikuchokera, choncho anakana njira zobiriwira a nyengo ina. Classicism linayenera khalidwe chikhalidwe limati ambiri European. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo anali kale ndi chizolowezi kugonjetsa mitundu okhwima gulu limeneli ndi chilengedwe cha ntchito kwambiri zinthu za sewero ngakhale kupha. Kodi zizindikiro loyamba zikamera wa Romanticism, amene anafotokozera za chikhalidwe cha lonse kwa zaka za m'ma 19.

kusintha sewero la

upamwamba Viennese unachita molimba chitukuko cha zonse Mitundu nyimbo nthawi pansi obwereza. Aliyense wa iwo, titero, mwapadera aliyense kalembedwe chimodzi kapena mtundu wa nyimbo, koma adagwirizana analowa golide thumba nyimbo dziko. Glück (Woipeka) inali yaikulu komanso mmodzi wa olemba otchuka kwambiri nthawi yake. udindo wake chitukuko cha bwalo lamasewera sitingalephere kukambapo: iye ndiye anapereka sewero la mtundu wanyimbo, chomaliza mtundu umene ife tikudziwira izo lero. mtengo Christopher Glück kwagona kuti poyamba analowa kuchokera kumvetsetsa za zisudzo monga ntchito kuonetsa luso amapilira, koma nagonjetsa nyimbo chiyambi sewero.

mtengo

Glück - Wolemba, amene anapanga sewero la chowonetsedwa weniweni. Mu ntchito zake, komanso m'mabuku a otsatira ake mingoli anakhala kwakukulukulu kudalira pa mawu. Chiwembu ndi zikuchokera, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - sewero, anayamba kufotokoza chitukuko cha mzere nyimbo. Choncho, kuonera sewero unasiya kukhala mwangwiro zosangalatsa, koma chasanduka mu mawonekedwe kwambiri chilengedwe nyimbo ndi sewero zovuta, chidwi mfundo maganizo view otchulidwa, chidwi zikuchokera.

ntchito wolemba a

Viennese chakale sukulu maziko a dziko lonse la zisudzo nyimbo. ngongole zambiri kwa izi ndi za glitch lapansi. sewero la lake "Orpheus ndi Eurydice" anali yojambula mu mtundu wanyimbo izi. wolemba ukukhudza osati virtuosity kuphedwa, ndi pa sewero la zilembo, kotero kuti mankhwala analandira mawu ndi zomwe zagwiridwa kale kutali. Zina za zisudzo - "Alceste" - wakhala mawu atsopano mu dziko la nyimbo. Austria Wolemba kachiwiri anaika motsindika Kukula kwa mzere nkhani, kotero kuti mankhwala walandira amphamvu maganizo apamtima. kulemba akadali amachitidwa pa magawo zabwino za dziko, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa zikuluzikulu, wochitidwa ndi Glück, anali wofunika kwambiri kwa zamoyo wa zisudzo nyimbo ambiri ndipo anafotokozera za pofuna kukwaniritsa sewero malangizo.

Siteji yotsatira chitukuko

Austria Wolemba Haydn, nayenso, wa gulu la olemba otchuka amene anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuti kusintha kwa Mitundu nyimbo. Iye ndi wodziwika monga mlengi wa nthetemya ndi zamitundumitundu. Chifukwa cha iwo, ndi maestro chakhala chikutenga kutchuka osati ku Ulaya Central, komanso kupitirira. Ambiri kudziwika ndi ntchito zake, zomwe zinalembedwa mu repertoire a dziko pansi pa dzina la "The khumi London nthetemya." Iwo yodziwika ndi tanthauzo ndichiyembekezo joie de A vivre, amene Komabe, khalidwe pafupifupi onse ntchito za Wolemba izi.

art Features

Mbali khalidwe la ntchito Yozefa Gaydna anali wachibale wawo kuti m'nthano. Mu ntchito za Wolemba a sizachilendo kumva nyimbo ndi kuvina amajambulapo maluwa okongola kuti ntchitoyi wake kotero maonekedwe. Izi anasonyeza mzimu wa mwini, amene m'njira zambiri anatsanzira Mozart, kuganizira iye songwriter kwambiri mu dziko. Anabwereka ndi osangalatsa kuwala nyimboyo anamuika ntchito limaonetseratu kwambiri ndi kowala kuwomba.

Mabuku ena

sewero la Haydn a sasangalala ngati kutchuka lonse, monga zamitundumitundu wake ndi nthetemya. Komabe, polemba chinenero ichi nyimbo ali ndi malo apamwamba mu ntchito ya Wolemba Austria, choncho tiyenera kutchula zina za ntchito zake ngati zimenezi, m'pamenenso amakhala akukula kwambiri ntchito yake luso. Mmodzi wa masewero a wake chikutchedwa "Pharmacist" ndipo linalembedwa kwa kutsegulidwa kwa zisudzo latsopano. A ntchito angapo a mtundu umenewu Haydn nayenso analenga latsopano zisudzo nyumbayi. Iye analemba makamaka kalembedwe Italy za zisudzo buffa ndipo nthawizina amaika pamodzi zinthu azithunzithunzi mwamphamvu.

Ntchito wotchuka

Haydn zamitundumitundu moyenerera amatchedwa Pearl wa dziko nyimbo zachikhalidwe. Iwo ogwirizana zoyamba za Wolemba kuti: kukongola kwa maonekedwe, ndi virtuosity kuphedwa, chidaliro phokoso, zosiyanasiyana thematic ndi njira yoyamba kuphedwa. Chimodzi mwa mkombero wotchuka wotchedwa "Russian", monga wodzipereka kwa Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich, tsogolo Russian Mfumu Paulo I. Gulu lina la zamitundumitundu anafuna kuti Mfumu ya Prussia. ntchito zimenezi zinalembedwa m'njira watsopano, monga modabwitsa kusintha phokoso, kuchuluka kwa zosiyana malankhulidwe nyimbo. Pali mtundu wa nyimbo mtundu wanyimbo wolemba walandira tanthauzo dziko lonse. Apa tisaiwale kuti wolemba zambiri agwiritsa ntchito otchedwa "zodabwitsa" mu zolemba zake, kupanga mavesi zosayembekezereka zoimbira malo kumene anthu ndi asakuyembekeza. Zina mwa ntchito ovuta wa "Symphony Ana" ndi Haydn.

General maonekedwe a zilandiridwenso Mozart a

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa olemba otchuka kwambiri nyimbo, amene akusangalalabe kutchuka zodabwitsa mafani tingachipeze powerenga ndi okondedwa padziko lonse. Bwino ntchito zake chifukwa iwo ali osiyana zomveka mogwirizana ndi ungwiro. Pankhani imeneyi, akatswiri ambiri amanena chilengedwe chake kwa nyengo classicism. Komabe, ena amakhulupirira kuti wolemba Viennese anali nyengo yachisanu ikupita Romanticism: pambuyo pa zonse mu ntchito zake kale bwino kachitidwe ndi chifaniziro cha zithunzi amphamvu kwapadera, komanso kwambiri kuphunzira maganizo a anthu otchulidwa (Pankhaniyi tikulankhula za opera). Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma ntchito za maestro ndi kusiyana ndi kuya ndipo pa yemweyo nthawi zapadera chomasuka kuzindikira, sewero ndi chidaliro. Ndi wosavuta ndi Kufikika kwa maganizo a aliyense, koma pa nthawi yomweyo kwambiri ndi nzeru mu wokhutira ndi phokoso. Kuti ndi chodabwitsa cha kupambana.

wolemba opera

Viennese chakale sukulu zatenganso mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha mtundu wanyimbo opera. Mtengo kwambiri mu izi ndi za Mozart. Zisudzo kuvala nyimbo wake chotchuka kwambiri ndi chikondi osati istyh nyimbo mafani komanso misa anthu. Mwina izi ndi wolemba okha amene nyimbo njira imodzi kapena aliyense wina akudziwa, ngakhale lingaliro penipeni pa ntchito yake.

The sewero la wotchuka kwambiri, mwina ndi "Ukwati wa Figaro". Izi mwina mokondwera kwambiri ndi oseketsa pa nthawi yomweyo anali kugwira ntchito yaikulu ya wolemba. Nthabwala zikumveka pafupifupi kuphwandoko wapereka iye wotchuka. Wotchuka aria wa protagonist wa tsiku lotsatira anali kukumenya weniweni. Mozart a nyimbo - yowala, ankasewera wosamvera, koma nthawi yomweyo zodabwitsa anzeru kuphweka kwake - yomweyo anapambana chikondi chonse ndiponso kuvomereza.

Wina wotchuka za zisudzo chithunzi - "Don Giovanni". Ndi kutchuka, mwina si wolephera pamwamba: staging wa ntchito imeneyi Tingaone mu nthawi yathu. Zimasonyeza choona kuti mbiri m'malo zovuta za wolemba anthu kwake losavuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo mawonekedwe lalikulu, potero kuwonetsera kamodzinso kumvetsa ake zakuya zamoyo. Mu ichi ntchito ya nyimbo namatetule anatha kusonyeza mwamphamvu ndiponso ndi mbali akukhulupirira kuti ntchito zake zonse yogwirizana ndi mzake.

sewero la "The Magic chitoliro" si zochepa wotchuka ndi masiku ano. nyimbo Mozart a wafika izo pachimake mu expressiveness ake. Mu ntchito iyi ndi kuwala, airy, kusangalala ndi pa nthawi yomweyo aakulu kwambiri, kotero limodzi likhoza anadabwa momwe wolemba anakwanitsa ngati yosavuta, zogwirizana phokoso kupereka dongosolo nthanthi lonse. Pali masewero a ena Wolemba Mwachitsanzo, tsopano anamva kwa nthawi, "La Clemenza di Tito", onse mu zisudzo ndi zoimbaimba ntchito. Choncho, mtundu wanyimbo operatic unatenga malo aakulu mu ntchito ya wolemba waluntha.

mankhwala munthu

Wolemba wagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana njira, ndipo analenga ambiri ntchito nyimbo. Mozart, "Night Music," amene Mwachitsanzo, akhala apita kuseri yoimbira ndipo wotchuka, analemba chinenero lophweka ndi Kufikika. Mwina n'chifukwa chake anthu amangonena kuti ndi wanzeru mogwirizana. Ngakhale ntchito zomvetsa chisoni adawomba motif chiyembekezo. Mu "Requiem," pofotokoza maganizo ake za moyo wabwino m'tsogolo, kotero kuti ,, ngakhale kamvekedwe yoopsya ya nyimbo mankhwala masamba mtendere otsalira.

Mozart zoimbaimba komanso zimaonetsa ang'ono mogwirizana ndi kwanzeru. Ziwalo zonse imvera mutu umodzi ndi mgwirizano ndi zolinga wamba, omwe kamvekedwe ntchito lonse. Choncho, nyimbo kumvera limodzi. Mu mawonekedwe a mtundu wanyimbo ndi ophatikizidwa zoyamba za Wolemba kuti: osakaniza zogwirizana mawu ndi mbali, kuwala ndi kuomba imodzi katswiri yana. Palibe amene kotero wochepa kumanga nyimbo zawo, monga Mozart. "Night Music" Wolemba - ndi mulingo watsopano kuphatikiza zogwirizana mbali zosiyanasiyana kuwomba. ndime mokondwera ndi mokweza kwambiri m'malo ndi sadzachitanso lomveka maphwando rhythmic katswiri.

Payokha, izo ziyenera kunenedwa za khwimbi la wolemba. Iwo amalingalira kwambiri mu ntchito yake ndipo, komanso ntchito zina, zinapatsira ndi lingaliro la chiyembekezo ndi kuwala illumined chimwemwe. Muyenera amatchulanso wotchuka "Turkey Rondo" omwe anapita kupitirira yoimbira, motero nthawi zambiri kumveka ngakhale mu malonda pa TV. Koma kuona zimene mogwirizana, mwina ali ndi zoimbaimba la Mozart, imene mfundo zomveka chokwanira anafika digiri apamwamba.

Mwachidule za Beethoven

Wolemba Izi kwathunthu wa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa romanticism. Pamene Iogann Amadey Motsart wayima monga izo zinali pa kuloŵa zachikhalidwe ndi malangizo watsopano, Ludwig galimoto Beethoven kwathunthu kugwiritsa fano ukonde amphamvu, Chilakolako champhamvu komanso makhalidwe kwambiri mu ntchito zawo. Iye mwina woimira wotchuka kwambiri romanticism. Zimasonyeza chakuti, kunena zoterezi, mfundo zoopsa, iye analemba okha za zisudzo wina. The mtundu wanyimbo waukulu Iye anapitirizabe nthetemya ndi sonatas. Iye akutchedwa kusintha ntchito izi, komanso Glück kamodzi kusandulika za zisudzo ntchito.

Mmodzi chidwi mbali ya Wolemba anali kuti mfundo yaikulu ya ntchito zake ndi chithunzi cha wamphamvu, Titanic adzatero umunthu kuti khama kwambiri chifuniro zothetsera mavuto ndi zopinga zonse. Komanso, ambiri danga lv Beethoven m'mabuku anapatsidwa mutu wa kulimbana ndi kukana, komanso zolinga za mgwirizano m'chilengedwe chonse.

Mfundo Zina mbiri

Iye anachokera ku banja la oimba. bambo ake ankafuna mnyamata kukhala Wolemba wotchuka Choncho nawo iwo pogwiritsa njira m'malo kwambiri. Mwina n'chifukwa chake mwanayo adakula zakuda ndi wankhanza ndi chilengedwe zomwe kenako anakhudzidwa ntchito yake. Beethoven amakhala ndi kugwira ntchito mu Vienna, kumene anaphunzitsidwa ndi Haydn, koma maphunziro awa mofulumira kwambiri kukhumudwitsa ndi wophunzira ndi mphunzitsi. Last tcheru chakuti wolemba wamng'ono chimakhala chogwidwa ndi amajambulapo maluwa okongola m'malo wachisoni kuti anatengedwa pa nthawi imeneyo.

Wambiri Beethoven mwachidule amatiuza komanso za nthawi zisamakudyereni kumasulidwa wake kulimbana. Napoleonic nkhondo, iye poyamba anali ndi changu, koma pambuyo pake, pamene Napoleon atadziika yekha mfumu, anapereka lingaliro kulemba nthetemya ulemu wake. Mu 1796, Ludwig anayamba kutaya kumva wake. Komabe, izi tisasokoneze ntchito yake yolenga. Kale wogontha kwathunthu, iye analemba mitu yake yotchuka 9 nthetemya, amene wakhala mwaluso kwenikweni mu repertoire dziko nyimbo. Beethoven yonena (nkhani mwachidule za izi sizotheka) mulinso nkhani Maestro ubwenzi ndi anthu otchuka nthawi yake. Ngakhale khalidwe loipa lakuthwa, iye anali bwenzi la Wolemba Weber, Goethe ndi atsogoleri ena a nthawi Chakale.

Ntchito wotchuka

Tanena kale kuti chinthu khalidwe la ntchito ya L. V. Bethovena anali kusonyeza amphamvu, maganizo, kulimbana ukonde, kuthetsa mavuto. makamaka kuonetsetsa "Appassionata" Pakati pa ntchito polemba chinenero ichi, amene asonkhezere makhalidwe, mwinamwake, ali mmodzi wa wamphamvu. Akafunsidwa za lingaliro wolemba analenga wake, akutchulidwa kusewera Shakespeare "Namondwe", limene, mogwirizana ndi iye, natumikira monga gwero la kudzoza. wolemba atamukoka kufanana pakati pa zolinga Titanic gusts mu zikuchokera Wolemba wina ndi tanthauzo lake nyimbo mutuwo.

Imodzi mwa ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya wolemba - ndi "madzulo Sonata" imene M'malo mwake, zinapatsira ndi lingaliro la mogwirizana ndi mtendere, monga ngati motsutsana ndi nyimbo chidwi za nthetemya wake. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti dzina la mankhwala anapereka m'nthawi wolemba, mwina chifukwa nyimbo ndi amatikumbutsa nyanja kuimba chete usiku. Ndi zinthu zimenezi kuchita omvera kwambiri akamalankhula sonata izi. Mochepa, ndipo mwina wotchuka ntchito wotchuka, "ubweya Elise" zomwe wolemba wodzipereka kwa mkazi wake wa Russian Mfumu Alexander I Elizavete Alekseevne (Louise). zikuchokera amakhudza kuphatikiza zodabwitsa za amajambulapo maluwa okongola yoopsa ya m'mapapo ndime kwambiri pakati. A malo apadera ntchito za maestro amatenga za zisudzo ndi "Fidelio" (kutanthauziridwa monga "Woona" ndi chinenero Italy). Ntchito imeneyi, monga ena ambiri, ndi lodzala ndi pathos ufulu akuyitana ufulu. "Fidelio" akadali sasiya maonekedwe a nyumba kutsogolera sewero dziko, ngakhale kuzindikira opera analandira, monga nthawi zimachitika, sakhala pomwepo.

chinayi Symphony

ntchito Izi mwina odziwika mwa ntchito zina za Wolemba lapansi. Lidalembedwa zaka zitatu pang'ono kumwalira mu 1824. Chinayi Symphony amamaliza nthawi ndi osatha apeze wolemba polenga wangwiro ntchito symphonic. Kumasiyana ndi anthu onse yoyamba kuti, Choyamba, inayambitsa mbali choral (wotchuka "Ode Chimwemwe" ndi F. Schiller), ndipo kachiwiri, iwo kukhonzanso Kapangidwe ka Wolemba mtundu wanyimbo symphonic. Nkhani yaikulu pang'ono ndi pang'ono kudzera mwa mbali iliyonse ya ntchito. Chiyambi cha nthetemya ndi mdima ndithu, olemera, koma ngakhale ndiye adawomba lakutali cholinga chiyanjano ndi choonadi, amene kukula ndi chitukuko cha zikuchokera nyimbo. Pomaliza, mu chomaliza izo zikumveka wokongola wamphamvu choral kuimba, kuitana anthu onse a dziko pogwirizanitsa. Choncho wolemba zina anasonyeza lingaliro lalikulu la ntchito yake. Iye ankafuna kuti ndinaganiza anena momveka bwino kuti n'zotheka Choncho, si zokhazo nyimbo, koma analowa ndi kuphedwa kwa oimba. Nthetemya anali bwino loti: woyamba ulaliki poyera Wolemba anakonza ubwenzi ovation. Zimasonyeza chakuti lv Beethoven anapeka icho, pokhala kale wogontha kwathunthu munthu.

Mtengo wa sukulu Viennese

Glück, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven anayambitsa nyimbo zachikhalidwe yathandiza yaikulu zina zokhudza wake nyimbo, osati Europe koma padziko lonse. Kufunika analemba izi ndi zopereka zawo kwa kusintha wa zisudzo nyimbo sitingalephere kukambapo. Ntchito zosiyanasiyana Mitundu, iwo analenga mtundu wa fupa ndi ntchito pa maziko a otsatira awo kulemba ntchito yatsopano. Ambiri a zolengedwa awo kale kupitirira yoimbira ndi amene chikusonyeza mafilimu, pa TV. "Turkey Rondo", "mweziwo Sonata" ndi ntchito zina zambiri za olemba akudziwika osati okonda nyimbo, koma ngakhale anthu amene sali bwino chakale nyimbo pafupi. Viennese chakale siteji ya chitukuko, akatswiri ambiri moyenerera amatchedwa kutithandiza kuona mbiri ya nyimbo, chifukwa mu nthawi imeneyi anayala mfundo polenga ndi kulemba zochita zisudzo, nthetemya, sonatas ndi zamitundumitundu.