Francis Bret Harte: yonena, mabuku, zithunzi

Popeza imfa ya wolemba wotchuka Bret Harte anali oposa zaka. Koma ntchito zake zinalembedwa 60-70-ntchentche za m'ma XIX mpaka tsopano ndi amtengo wapatali kwa anthu dziko.

Mumadziwika mfundo ku yonena za wolemba American

August 25, 1836 mu State wa New York mu Albany anabadwa Francis Bret Harte - wotchuka wolemba zimathandizadi prose ndi ndakatulo. Iye unatchedwa agogo ake. bambo Francis a ntchito monga mphunzitsi Chigiriki pa anayambitsa. Kuyambira ali mwana Bret Harte ankakonda kuwerenga mabuku. Ankakonda ntchito za olemba monga Shakespeare, Dumas, Dickens, zomwe mosakayikira mukopedwe ntchito yake.

Mu 1845, pamene anali ndi zaka 9 zokha, bambo ake anamwalira. Banja anabwera mavuto a zachuma zinachititsa kuti kusintha pafupipafupi okhala. Novelist anaphunzira ku sukulu mpaka zaka 13, kenako ali kalaliki yopezera zofunika pa moyo ndi kusamalira banja lake.

mayi ake, kachiwiri anakwatiwa, mu 1854, Bret Harte kukakhala naye mu California ku San Francisco, kumene Boom wa liwiro golide. Mu mzinda uwu, wolemba anali kupeza mphunzitsi ndi pharmacist, mthenga ndi newspaperman. Analinso mphunzitsi m'nyumba, mtolankhani ndi wofunafuna.

Yambani ntchito zolembalemba

Jobs mu San Francisco pa Magazini California analola Bret kufalitsa nkhani zawo kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 1856-m. Patapita zaka ziwiri iye anapita Uniontown pofunafuna moyo wabwino, zoti mu buku "Notern California" mtolankhani. Koma mu mzinda uno American wolemba silinakhalitse. Iye amayenera kubwerera ku San Francisco mwamsanga 1860, chifukwa cha buku zankhanza mu kupha oposa 50 Indians pafupi ndi mtsinje Thope.

Ku California anayamba kugwira ntchito monga wolemba mu nyuzipepala "Golden Nyengo" Typewriting, ndipo nthawi zina ankaloledwa kulemba wake. Choncho, pansi pa wolemba nkhani anayamba kutuluka siginecha - Bret Harte.

Kwa zaka zitatu, wolemba chinkhoswe mu buku la lofunika kwambiri oyambirira 70 ntchentche ya Western American magazini ya pamtunda Monthly ( "pamtunda Monthly"), kenako udachita kutchuka. Mu 1871 Gart Bret wosiya California zabwino. Iye amapita pa malo a kum'mawa America ndi Canada. Pa ulendowu, iye amapatsa nkhani zomwe ndi zochokera vuto la dziko la California.

Pomaliza, pa usinkhu wa zaka makumi awiri, Bret Hart anasiya US ndipo anasamukira ku Ulaya. Wolemba anayesa yekha mu udindo wa kazembe American ku Germany ndi UK - m'mizinda ya Krefeld ndi Glasgow. May 5, 1902, ndili ndi zaka 66 Gart Bret anafa London.

Woyamba ndizodziwikiratu

World wotchuka American wolemba Francis Bret Harte adalitenga "California Nkhani". Pa moyo wake, Yoswa analemba m'chombocho. Novelist anadalira mfundo zolondola kuti anakopeka lonse tcheru anthu ntchito yake.

Kukhala San Francisco, Bret Harte, amene mabuku a nthawi yathu ndi kufunika zosaneneka, iye analemba ntchito zake zabwino. Mu 1870, iye anatulutsa zosonkhanitsira lotchedwa "Chimwemwe wobuma Camp". Bukuli lili ndi nkhani ngati zimenezi: "Mliss", "akapolo yosawerengeka mosabisa," "achikunja Wang Li". Ntchito zilembo mu nkhani si zopeka ndi idealized. Wolemba anasonyeza mfundo za moyo weniweni wa ku America pa liwiro golide mu California.

Ntchito popanda phindu

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, monga Bret Hart kumanzere California, anayamba kumva pachimake chipika wolemba. Koma, pokhala m'dziko lachilendo, wolemba analibe mwayi zipangizo zofunika pakuti ntchito zawo. Mmodzi wa mabuku zabwino novelist mochedwa "Gabriel Conroy", wolembedwa mu 1876. zosonkhanitsira Izi zikuphatikizapo nkhani monga "Clarence", "steppe foundling" ndi "Suzy". Nthawi imeneyi, Hart anamasula kusewera "awiri a Sandy Bar". Pamodzi ndi Mark awiri, analemba nkhani "A Tchimo". Ntchito izi sizinali bwino.

matamando Recent kwa wolemba American inasanduka kutsutsa aukali. bwenzi lake Mark Tven anati: "Mokondwera ndi wansangala Bret Harte anafa San Francisco!" Popeza 1878, woyambitsa "California nkhani za Gold mgodi" anavutika maganizo ndi ndalama mavuto. Iye anapitiriza ntchito ku Ulaya, osati powasamalira thanzi kufooka, koma analephera Mokhumbira oyambirira.

ntchito wotchuka

Ambiri buku Garth kukhala paradigmatic. Iye ndi woyambitsa wa mabuku: "The tramps atatu ku Trinidad", "Pezani nyenyezi yowala", "Esmeralda miyala chigwa nkhani.".

Koma kutchuka woyamba ndi ulemerero wolemba wabweretsa nkhani "Chimwemwe wobuma Camp" imene yafala osati America, komanso akutali malire ake. Ntchito yake, Bret Harte anafotokoza nkhani chimatsogoleredwa chimene chinachitika ku munthu a m'madera California pakati Anthuwa golide. Iwo amafotokoza kuti ngakhale mavuto a anthu a m'mudzi ndi woledzera akusamalira mwanayo, amene anali mwana wamasiye.

Kwa nthawi yaitali chifukwa cha nkhani imeneyi, anthu a ku America dzina Bret Harte wolemba kudziko lina, "oipa American". Koma ntchito yake ndi liwiro zosaneneka anakhala ambiri ku Ulaya, iwo linamasuliridwa m'zinenero zambiri.